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Montréal-Mirabel International Airport, (lub Montréal International (Mirabel) Airport) (IATA:YMX, ICAO:CYMX) originally called Montreal International Airport and widely known simply as Mirabel, jest dużym lotniskiem ulokowanym w Mirabel (Quebec), Quebec, niedaleko Montrealu i został otwarty 4 października 1975. Lotnisko obsługuje teraz tylko cargo flights, i jest a manufacturing base of Bombardier Aerospace, where final assembly of regional jets (CRJ700 i CRJ900) aircraft is conducted. Jest to drugi największy port lotniczy na świecie in terms of area (392 km²).

Pomimo bycia przeznaczonym do zostania wschodnim air gateway do Canada, umiejscowienie lotniska i brak połączeń transportowych, as well as Montreal's economic decline relative to Toronto, made it unpopular with airlines. Eventually it was relegated to the simple role of a cargo airport. Port lotniczy, initially a source of pride, eventually became an embarrassment widely regarded w Canada as being a boondoggle i a white elephant.

Został zbudowany do kierowania 50 milionami pasażerów. Technically speaking, it is still the only airport in Canada built to accommodate those numbers. Toronto-Pearson jednakże, is slowly on its way to surpassing it.

Spis treści

1 Historia
- 1.1 Development
- 1.2 Later years
2 Architektura i rozmieszczenie
3 Linie lotnicze i miejsca przeznaczenia
4 Incidents and accidents
5 Notes
6 Zobacz także
7 References
8 External links

[edytuj] Historia

Grafika:Cymxapd.jpg

Montréal Mirabel International Airport Diagram

[edytuj] Development

Szablon:Unreferenced The 1960's saw Montreal experience a tremendous economic boom. Massive construction projects, including the Montreal Metro coupled with the hosting of Expo 67 brought the city international status. More and more visitors were arriving to the city, especially by airplane, though not always by choice. The federal government required that European airlines make Montreal their only Canadian destination. This resulted in 15-20% annual growth in passenger traffic at the city's Dorval airport. Optimistic about the city's future and its continuing ability to attract more and more visitors, government officials decided to build a new airport that would be more than able to absorb increased passenger traffic well into the 21st century.

Kanadyjskie Ministerstwo Transportu przestudiowało pięć możliwych położeń dla nowego lotniska Montrealu: St-Jean sur Richelieu (50km na południowy wschód), Vaudreuil (40km na zachód), Joliette (70km na północ), St-Amable (30km na północny wschód), and St. Scholastique (60km na północny zachód). W marcu 1969, the St. Scholastique site was chosen, and proposals were drawn up to expropriate 97,000 acres (392 km²), an area larger than the entire island of Montreal.

Rząd Quebec preferred that the new airport be situated in Drummondville (100km na wschód), while the federal government imagined that it should be located west of the island. Kompromis federal-provincial moved the airport north to its existing location, where it is served only by a long road link via Autoroutes 15 and Autoroute 50. An additional link via Autoroute 13 was planned but never completed. Also planned but not finished was the connection of Autoroute 50 to the Ottawa/Gatineau area.

Grafika:Mirabelintlarpttransportlinks.png

High speed rail transit (the system was to be capable of speeds from 60 to 75 mph (100 to 120 km/h) for the Montreal-Mirabel run), initially to be called TRRAMM (Transport Rapide Régional Aéroportuaire Montréal-Mirabel), was intended to be completed at a later date. Jednakże, it never got beyond the drawing board. The TRRAMM system was also intended to eventually be expanded to other parts of the Montreal region. The major stumbling block for the TRRAMM project was funding. The federal, provincial, and municipal governments never managed to find enough cash to fund the highly ambitious and expensive rapid transit project. Thus, Mirabel was forced to cope with an inadequate road system and non-existent rail transit, supplemented only by express buses run by Montreal Transit Corporation.

Rząd federalny expropriation resulted in making Mirabel the world's largest airport by property area.^fn_1 It attracted the ire of local residents who were forced to move. The airport's operations zone, which encompassed what was eventually built plus expansion room, amounted to only 17,000 acres (69 km²), or about 19% of the total area of the airport. Rząd federalny planował to use the excess land as a noise buffer and as an industrial development zone that was never started. The people of St. Scholastique protested vehemently against the expropriation of their land. Nevertheless, construction started in June 1970 under the auspices of BANAIM, a government organization formed to build the airport.

Międzynarodowy Port Lotniczy Montreal został otwarty for business on 4 października, 1975, in time for the Letnie Igrzyska Olimpijskie 1976. In the rush to get the airport open in time for the Olympics, it was decided to transfer flights to Mirabel in two stages. Międzynarodowe loty would be transferred immediately, while domestic and transborder flights would continue to be served by Dorval airport until 1982.

[edytuj] Later years

Po 1976, port lotniczy began to decline in importance due to the increasing use in the 1980s of longer-range jets that did not need to refuel in Montreal before crossing the Atlantic. This dramatically reduced the amount of air traffic into Dorval. The result was that a second airport was no longer needed. To ensure the airport's survival, wszystkie loty międzynarodowe for Montreal were banned from Dorval for many years. This created resentment among Montrealers who were forced to travel far out of town for their flights, and to take long bus rides for connections from domestic to international flights.

Rząd predicted that Dorval would be completely saturated by 1985 as part of its justification for building Mirabel. Rząd federalny further claimed that 20 million passengers would be passing through Montreal's airports annually, with 17 million through Mirabel. That claim never materialized, for by 1991 Mirabel and Dorval handled a total of 8 million passengers and 112,000 tons of cargo annually, while Toronto was handling 18.5 million passengers and 312,000 tons of cargo. Mirabel alone never managed to exceed 3 million passengers per year in its existence as a passenger airport. No legislation similar to the Wright Amendment was enacted that would force airlines to use Mirabel instead of Dorval. Mirabel had the capacity to be expanded significantly to meeting growing demand, unlike Dorval. Nevertheless, an existing active Dorval made Mirabel an unattractive and expensive alternative to travellers and airlines. The continuing existence of Dorval also meant forgoing a profit that could have been made from redeveloping the prime real-estate that is currently occupied by the airport. Combined with Montreal's decline in comparison with Toronto and the failure of passenger numbers to grow at the rates expected, Mirabel became a pariah airport in Canada, with only Air Transat holding out until the very end.

Dzisiaj, Międzynarodowy Port Lotniczy Montréal-Mirabel jest used exclusively for cargo flights, with passenger operations having ceased on 31 października, 2004, dwadzieścia dziewięć lat po otwarciu portu lotniczego and many years of limited, primarily charter service. Bombardier Aerospace launches newly constructed units from its factory at Mirabel.

With very little or, later, no airline service, and with many empty spaces inside its terminal, Mirabel has been the setting of several movies, TV series and commercials for many years. Film Terminal features the mezzanine overlooking the immigration desks and the baggage carousels directly behind them, the tarmac and the main terminal entrance (with a digitally added New York skyline reflection). Wszystkie inne terminale scenes were shot elsewhere.

W 2006, I-Parks Creative Industries, francuska firma specjalizująca się w creation of urban tourist attractions, i Oger International SA, the global engineering company owned by the family of slain former Lebanese prime minister and entrepreneur Rafik Hariri, entered into an agreement to turn Mirabel into a theme park. The proposed concept of the park is based on the theme of water and outer space.^fn_3 ^fn_4

W grudniu 2006, in a move he called "correcting a historical injustice," premier Stephen Harper announced the return of 4,450 hectares of farmland expropriated do budowy portu lotniczego Mirabel. Około 125 farmers, who rent their land from the federal government, were permitted to buy it back. Harper said he was pleased to finish the work started by former prime minister, Brian Mulroney, who unlocked a major parcel of expropriated land during his first term in office w 1985.

[edytuj] Architektura i rozmieszczenie

Grafika:Mirabelintlarptdiagram.png

Mirabel został zaprojektowany to be eventually expanded to six runways as well as six terminal buildings. The expansion was supposed to occur in a number of phases and be completed do 2025. Jednakże, port lotniczy never got beyond the first phase of construction, i do października 2005 pas startowy 11/29 został zamknięty leaving only runway 06/24 operational.^fn_5

From the furthest reach of the parking lot to the airplane seat, one can walk as little as 200 meters. Stacja kolejowa was also built in the basement for the planned TRRAMM service, right below the main passenger concourse. Dziś, it is used as an employee parking lot.

Zaprojektowany przez architektów Papineau-Gérin-Lajoie, Mirabel's terminal carried over their creator's award-winning Expo 67 Québec pavilion design. A simple minimalist dark glass box sitting on top of a concrete bunker housing maintenance services, the terminal was hailed as an architectural triumph when it first opened. Pierwszy i jedyny terminal został zaprojektowany do kierowania sześcioma milionami pasażerów na rok.

Passengers walked as little as 100 meters going from the curb to the gate. Once there, passengers would be transported to their aircraft by Passenger Transfer Vehicles (PTVs), rather than walking through jetways. The PTVs, similar to those at Washington Dulles International Airport, ran from the terminal to the aircraft parking spot on the tarmac. It was reported by Radio-Canada/CBC that each of these vehicles had cost up to 400,000 Canadian Dollars at the time.^fn_2 To eventually make connections between flights easier, the terminal also included a few jetways, in a smaller concourse called the Aeroquay, accessible via an underground tunnel and later connected directly to the main concourse.

[edytuj] Linie lotnicze i miejsca przeznaczenia

Mirabel initially opened with service from local airlines Air Canada, CP Air and Quebecair, as well as airlines from more than fifteen countries, including Aer Lingus, Aeroflot, Air France, Alitalia, British Airways, CSA, El Al, Iberia, KLM, Lufthansa, Olympic Airways, Sabena, SAS, Swissair and TAP. These airlines had their national country flags posted in front of the terminal on the inauguration of Mirabel.

Other airlines to have flown to Mirabel at some point were Aerolineas Argentinas, AeroMexico, Air India, Cubana de Aviación, Finnair, Jaro International, JAT, LOT, People Express, Royal Air Maroc, Tarom, and Varig. Most gradually lost faith in Mirabel and either transferred to Dorval w 1997 lub pulled out of Montreal altogether.

Several charter airlines also served Mirabel, such as Wardair, Nationair, Canada 3000 i Royal Aviation. Wszystkie cztery have either merged or gone out of business. Air Transat is the only charter airline that started operations at Mirabel and stayed until the end of passenger service w 2004.

Dziś, the only transport users of Mirabel are cargo airlines, which include:

Air Georgian (Moncton, Quebec City)
All Canada Express
Cargojet Airways (Hamilton, Winnipeg)
FedEx Express (Indianapolis, Memphis)
- Morningstar Air Express (Moncton, Quebec City, Toronto-Pearson)
Kelowna Flightcraft (Moncton, Ottawa, Winnipeg)
Skylink Aviation (Quebec City)
Tarom Cargo (Bucharest)
UPS (Louisville)
DHL

[edytuj] Incidents and accidents

The following accidents occurred either at the airport, or involved aircraft using the airport:

23 czerwca 1985: Air India Flight 182, a Boeing 747-100 enroute from Mirabel to London Heathrow Airport was blown up by a terrorist bomb off the coast of Ireland, killing 307 pasażerów i 22 załogi.

21 stycznia 1995: Royal Air Maroc Lot 205, a Boeing 747-400 preparing to depart for New York and Casablanca, was being deiced by Canadian Airlines ground staff, while its engines were running. Due to a communications error, the pilot believed deicing was complete and started taxiing forward. Two deicing vehicles that were still in place in front of both horizontal stabilizers were knocked down, causing a fatal freefall for three deicing crew members and serious injuries to the two drivers.[1]

18 czerwca 1998: Propair Flight 420, a Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner flying from Dorval International Airport (now Trudeau International Airport) do Peterborough, Ontario, experienced an engine fire and controlling problems during the initial climb. It attempted an emergency landing at Mirabel, ale crashed near the beginning of the runway, in part due to a landing gear failure. Dwóch pilotów i dziewięciu pasażerów onboard were killed.[2]

23 października 2003, an El Al Boeing 767 flying from Tel Aviv do Los Angeles via Toronto was diverted to Mirabel International Airport and then on to Hamilton Airport, where RCMP tactical teams were ready. The diversion was the result of a "severe security threat", which was later clarified as a possible surface-to-air missile attack on the aircraft upon landing in Toronto.

[edytuj] Notes

^fn_1 King Fahd International Airport in Saudi Arabia later surpassed Mirabel as the world's largest airport by property area. The Saudi airport still retains this record.

^fn_2 Mirabel looks for new role–again (28 April 2004). CBC News. Accessed September 22, 2005.

^fn_3 Airport to be turned into amusement park (21 February 2006). CTV News. Accessed March 25, 2006.

^fn_4 Delean, Paul (22 February 2006). Mirabel may take off as theme park. The Montreal Gazette.

[edytuj] Zobacz także

List of airports in the Montreal area

[edytuj] References

Financial Times of Canada. (1975). Mirabel. Special ed. Don Mills, ON: Financial Times of Canada.
Durivage, Simon."Mirabel, airport of the year 2000." Montreal, Montreal. 8 Sep 1992. Video Archive.
Sergio Ortega (December 1999). Mirabel: The Airport where the Future is Past. AirOdyssey.net.
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