IPA chairt for Scots
Frae Wikipedia
This is a cutty version o the Internaitional Phonetic ABC for Scots soonds.
Table o contents |
[edit] Vouels
[edit] Vouel chairt
Aw that's shawn here is the unnerlyin phonemes. The pyntit soondin, or allophones isna shawn. (fae Aitken 1984)
| Aitken's nummer |
IPA | Examples |
| 8a | əi | aye, gey, Mey, pey, wey |
| 10 | evite, jyne, pynt, ile, chyce | |
| 1 short1 | bite, bide, price, wife, tide | |
| 1 lang1 | ai | five, size, fry, ay, kye, fire |
| 2 | i | meet, need, see, sieven, deil, here, releegion, meenister |
| 11 | ee, dee, dree, lee, implee, denee | |
| 3 | Merges wi 2, 4, or 8 gaun bi dialect | meat, braith, deid, heid, steal, peir, meir |
| 4 | e | aik, ait, saip, baith, stane2, hail, tae n., gae, late, pale, bathe, day, say, mair, care |
| 8 | e: Whiles merged wi 4 | bait, braid, hail, pail, pair |
| 5 | o: Whiles merges wi 18 in the Sooth | throat, coat, thole, rose, afore |
| 18 | ɔ Whiles merges wi 5 | cot, God, on, loch, bocht, horse, Forth |
| 6 | u | aboot, bouk, poupit, lood, pouder, shouder, room, mooth, hoose, loose, cou, nou, fou, pou, oo, oor, soor, ploum |
| 7 | ø North merged wi 2, Central an Sooth wi 4 lang an 15 short | buit, fruit, guid, muin, uiss n., uise v., muive, dae, shae, muir, puir, shuir |
| 9 | oi | Boyd, noise, boy |
| 12 | ɑ: / ɔ: Whiles merged wi 17 in the North | faut, saut, fraud, mawn, auld, cauld, hauch, cause, law, snaw, aw, faw, twa, faur, daur, waur |
| 13 | ʌu | nowt, cowt, gowf, sowder, lowse, chowe, growe, knowe, fower, ower, rowe |
| 14 | iu / ju | duty, feud, heuk3, neuk3, beuch3, teuch3, news, dew, few, blue, true, pleuch3 |
| 15 | ɪ | bit, pit, fit, lid, hiss, gird, his, whither4, yird, wid, fir n. |
| 16 | ɛ | met, bed, ledder, ser, Perth |
| 17 | a In the Sooth-Wast an Ulster merged wi 12 | sat, lad, mar, gar, vase, warst, mar |
| 19 | ʌ | butt, but, buss, buff, wird, fur n. |
1. See the Scots vouel lenth rule.
2. In the North [e] afore [n] in <ane> merges wi 2.
3. Some o thir's the affcome o 7 afore [k] an [x] giein [(j)u] or [(j)ʌ] an aw.
4. [ɪ] efter [ʍ] an [w] aften merges wi 19.
[edit] Vouels athort sindry dialects
The allophones o the phonemes abuin afore /t/ in a puckle dialects. (fae Catford 1957, Gregg 1958, Dieth 1932)
| Aitken's Nummer |
Bute | Lanrick- shire |
Berwick- shire |
North Kircudbright |
East Fife |
Kircudbright | Mid Antrim |
N.E. Angus |
Buchan | Key wirds |
| 2 /i/ | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | beet |
| 3 /i, e/ | e | e | e | e | e | ẹ | e: | e- | beat | |
| 8 /e:/ | e: | e̜ | ɛ̣: | eˑ | bait | |||||
| 16 /ɛ/ | ɛ̣ | ɛ | ɛˑ | ɛ | ɛ̜ | ɛ̜ | ɛ: | ɛ | e | met |
| 17 /a/ | ä | ä | ä | ɑ | ä | ɑ̈ | ɑ: | ɑ̈ | ɑ | fat |
| 12 /ɑ:, ɔ:/ | o | ɔ | ɒ: | ɔ: | ɑ: | ɑ: | faut | |||
| 18 /ɔ/ | o | o | o | ɔ | ɔ: | o̜ | o | cot | ||
| 5 /o:/ | o | o | o: | o: | oˑ 1 | coat | ||||
| 19 /ʌ/ | ʌ | ʌ | ʌ | ʌ | ʌ | ʌ | ʌ | ʌ̫ | ʌ | cut |
| 6 /u/ | ü | ʉ | u | u | ü | u | ü | u | u | aboot |
| 15 /ɪ/ | ɜ | ɛ̈ | ë̜ | ë | ɛ̈ | ë | ɪ̈ / æ̈ | ɜ | |
bit |
| 7 /ø/ | ɪ | ɪ̈ | ɪ̈ | ɪ̈ | ø | i | buit 2 |
1. Richtly [kwəit] acause efter /k/ but ither gates /oˑ/ afore /t/.
2. in aw thir dialects, ceptna N.E. Angus an Buchan, in lang environs merged wi vouel 4 no shawn here.
[edit] Consonants
[edit] Consonant chairt
This is the Scots Consonant Seestem uisin IPA seembols.
| bilabial | labio- dental |
dental | alveolar | post- alveolar |
palatal | velar | glottal | labial-velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plosive | p b | d̪ t̪ 1 | t d | k g | ʔ 4 | ||||
| nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
| flap | r | ||||||||
| fricative | ɸ β 2 | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ç 5 | x 5 | h | |
| affricate | ɕ ʑ 3 | tʃ dʒ | |||||||
| approximant | ɹ | j | ʍ6 w | ||||||
| lateral approximant | l, ɫ7 |
Fitmerks:
1. [d̪] an [t̪] whiles kythes for /d/ an /t/ afore /(ə)r/ in Erse influenced dialects o Ulster an whiles in Gaelic influenced dialects in Scotland. Examples: attercap, bedrall, better, bowster, conseeder, craitur, draucht, straik, traivel.
2. [ɸ] an [β] whiles kythes for /f/ an /v/ in Erse influenced dialects o Ulster. For ordinar written <f> an <v>.
3. [ɕ] an [ʑ] whiles kythes for /ʃ/ an /ʒ/ in Erse influenced dialects o Ulster. Examples brainch, creash, cusion, fusionless, hinge, ingine. Seemilar wi [tɕ] an [dʑ] for /tʃ/ an /dʒ/ Examples: deuk, fadge, jaiket, juist, sodger, veelage, brooch, cabbitch, chimley, gilravage, steuchie, teuch.
4. [ʔ] kythes for /t/ atween twa vouels an wird final in mony dialects. Whiles for /k/ an /p/ an aw. Examples: butter, maiter, whit.
5. [ç] for ordinar wird ineetial or efter a front vouel an [x] efter a back vouel. Examples: hue, huge, human, heuk, laich, lauchter, loch, nicht, pech.
6. In northren dialects [ʍ] is aften soondit /f/ or [ɸ] an whiles /w/ in recent lend wirds. Example: wha whippit the white whalpie?
7. For ordinar [ɫ] but in airts whaur Gaelic wis no lang syne spak, e'en in Dumfries an Gallowa [l] micht kythe.
[edit] Semplifee'd or soondit ither
Antrin consonant clusters is semplifee'd or soondit different athort the dialects
/xt/ for ordinar written <cht> but whiles /θ/ in northren dialects. Examples: dochter, micht.
/gn/ for ordinar written <gn> bides sae in mony northren dialects but is semplifee'd tae /n/ in ithers. Examples: gnap, gnaw.
/kn/ for ordinar written <kn> bides sae in mony northren dialects or kythes as /tn/ but is semplifee'd tae /n/ in ithers. Examples: knee, knap, knowe.
/wr/ for ordinar semplifee'd tae /r/ but aiblins /vr/ in some northren dialects. Examples: wrack, wrang, write, wricht.
/ld/ an /nd/ is aften semplifee'd tae /l/ an /d/. Examples: auld, haund.
[edit] See forby
A guid compearin o the phonemes athort the Scots dialects (PDF 419kb)
