Abu Zubaydah
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Abu Zubaydah (born 12 March 1971) (Arabic: ابو زبيدة) was, according to American authorities, a high-ranking member of al-Qaida and close associate of Osama bin Laden, though there are doubts of his power and connections due to the fact that most information came from interrogations where Zubaydah may have exaggerated his and al-Qaida's role in international terror. He is currently in U.S. custody in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Zubaydah's name is often transliterated as Abu Zubaidah, Abu Zubeida, or Abu Zoubeida. Born Zein al-Abideen Mohamed Hussein (Arabic: زين العابدين محمد حسين), he is also known by over thirty-five aliases.
[edit] Biography and alleged roles in terrorism
Born in Saudi Arabia, Abu Zubaydah has been close to al-Qaida all his life, helping to operate a popular terrorist training camp near the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan in the early 1990s. He became an associate of Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi, and served as a chief recruiter for al-Qaida.
According to a BBC news profile of Zubaydah, before his capture "few photographs of him were in existence, [and] he had used at least 37 aliases and was considered a master of disguise."[1]
In the late 1990s, Abu Zubaydah played a lead role in one of the 2000 millennium attack plots, and a possible tangential role in a second. There were plans to bomb a fully booked Radisson hotel in Amman, Jordan, and three other sites. This targeted tourists from the United States and Israel. But on November 30, 1999, Jordanian intelligence intercepted a call between Abu Zubaydah and Khadr Abu Hoshar, a Palestinian militant, and determined that an attack was imminent. Jordanian police arrested 22 conspirators and foiled the attack. Abu Zubaydah was sentenced to death in absentia by a Jordanian court for his role. There is also evidence that Abu Zubaydah approved the Los Angeles airport bomb plot in 2000. This plot was also foiled.
In March of 2001, Condoleezza Rice was informed by the CIA that Zubaydah was planning a major operation in the near future. This was one of the first of many reports in the Spring of 2001 that increased the threat level and indicated that an attack was coming. Many of these reports mentioned Zubaydah by name. The attack finally came in the form of the September 11, 2001 attacks.
The U.S. government believes he became al-Qaeda's top military strategist following the death of Muhammad Atef in November 2001. A later plot to bomb the U.S. embassy in Paris failed.
American intelligence officials alleged, in October 2001, that six Arab men, living in Bosnia, had been plotting to bomb the U.S. Embassy in Sarajevo, because they believed one of these men had made calls to a phone number in Afghanistan that had once been used by Zubaydah. These six men, dubbed the Algerian Six, were kidnapped following their acquittal by the Bosnian Supreme Court, and ended up in Guantanamo. American intelligence officials quietly dropped the allegation that there had been a plot to bomb the embassy from the factors favoring their continued detention.
Middle East sources have told the Associated Press Abu Zubaydah developed a unique talent in mortars and other heavy weaponry that attracted the attention of bin Laden. He was apparently named bin Laden's second deputy in 1995, responsible for screening recruits and devising terrorist plans. Where bin Laden and deputy Ayman al-Zawahri would set policy, Abu Zubaydah would implement it. U.S. officials said when the inner circle would order the bombing of an embassy, Abu Zubaydah would select the embassy, cell and method of attack. Ahmed Ressam, convicted April 2001 of smuggling, terrorist conspiracy and other charges in the Los Angeles millennium plot, described Abu Zubaydah's role as a recruiter during court testimony. "He is the person in charge of the camps. He receives young men from all countries. He accepts you or rejects you. And he takes care of the expenses for the camps. He makes arrangements for you when you travel coming in or leaving," Ressam said. Prospective recruits in Pakistan would meet Abu Zubaydah, who would assign them to camps. When they finished training, he placed them in cells overseas. Zubaydah is also believed to have been a field commander for the October 2000 bombing of the USS Cole in Yemen, in which 17 U.S. sailors were killed, and intelligence and police officials have linked him to at least five al Qaeda plots. Middle East sources said Abu Zubaydah helped set up the terrorist cell in Jordan charged with carrying out the millennium plot to attack American and Israeli targets.[2]
[edit] Capture and detention
In 2002, U.S. intelligence located Abu Zubaydah by tracing his phone calls. He was captured March 28, 2002, in a safehouse located in a two story apartment in Faisalabad, Pakistan. He was shot three times in a firefight, including a wound to the groin and a wound to the thigh. He was treated by the CIA for these wounds and then transfered to the CIA prison system and relocated to Thailand. [3]. Several other detainees who face charges before military commissions were captured at the same time as Abu Zubaydah. His capture with Abdul Zahir, is one of the factors in favour of his continued detention.[4]
While in U.S. custody, he gave a great deal of information about the 9/11 attack plot, although the veracity of some of his statements has been called into question.[5] Such information was used by the Canadian government in seeking to uphold the 'security certificate' of Mohamed Harkat.
On September 6, 2006, President Bush announced at a White House speech that "Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Abu Zubaydah, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, and 11 other terrorists in CIA custody have been transferred to the United States Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay." Bush stated that Zubaydah and others would face trial in a military tribunal.[6]
[edit] Criticisms of U.S. intelligence and interrogation techniques used on Zubaydah
Zubaydah's detention, interrogation and importance have been the subject of debate and criticism. President Bush dedicated a whole section of a national speech to Zubaydah's capture and interrogation and revealed the extent to which American intelligence sources considered him a valuable source. Critics have questioned Zubaydah's importance, arguing that he was insane or that the interrogation techniques amounted to torture and that the confessions were lies to avoid further discomfort. They also contend that even if his confessions were accurate, their importance has been over-stated or they were not acted upon because they endanger US relationships with various Mid-east rulers, particularly the Saudis.
[edit] Bush speech of September 2006
In the speech, Bush disclosed details of Zubaydah's detention:
- Within months of September the 11th, 2001, we captured a man known as Abu Zubaydah. We believe that Zubaydah was a senior terrorist leader and a trusted associate of Osama bin Laden. Our intelligence community believes he had run a terrorist camp in Afghanistan where some of the 9/11 hijackers trained, and that he helped smuggle al Qaeda leaders out of Afghanistan after coalition forces arrived to liberate that country. Zubaydah was severely wounded during the firefight that brought him into custody -- and he survived only because of the medical care arranged by the CIA.
- After he recovered, Zubaydah was defiant and evasive. He declared his hatred of America. During questioning, he at first disclosed what he thought was nominal information -- and then stopped all cooperation. Well, in fact, the "nominal" information he gave us turned out to be quite important. For example, Zubaydah disclosed Khalid Sheikh Mohammed -- or KSM -- was the mastermind behind the 9/11 attacks, and used the alias "Muktar." This was a vital piece of the puzzle that helped our intelligence community pursue KSM. Abu Zubaydah also provided information that helped stop a terrorist attack being planned for inside the United States -- an attack about which we had no previous information. Zubaydah told us that al Qaeda operatives were planning to launch an attack in the U.S., and provided physical descriptions of the operatives and information on their general location. Based on the information he provided, the operatives were detained -- one while traveling to the United States.
- We knew that Zubaydah had more information that could save innocent lives, but he stopped talking. As his questioning proceeded, it became clear that he had received training on how to resist interrogation. And so the CIA used an alternative set of procedures. These procedures were designed to be safe, to comply with our laws, our Constitution, and our treaty obligations. The Department of Justice reviewed the authorized methods extensively and determined them to be lawful. I cannot describe the specific methods used -- I think you understand why -- if I did, it would help the terrorists learn how to resist questioning, and to keep information from us that we need to prevent new attacks on our country. But I can say the procedures were tough, and they were safe, and lawful, and necessary.
- Zubaydah was questioned using these procedures, and soon he began to provide information on key al Qaeda operatives, including information that helped us find and capture more of those responsible for the attacks on September the 11th. For example, Zubaydah identified one of KSM's accomplices in the 9/11 attacks -- a terrorist named Ramzi bin al Shibh. The information Zubaydah provided helped lead to the capture of bin al Shibh. And together these two terrorists provided information that helped in the planning and execution of the operation that captured Khalid Sheikh Mohammed.[6]
[edit] Controversy regarding the importance of Zubaydah's confessions
Bush claimed that Zubaydah gave information that lead to al Shibh's capture. Bush's claim that Zubaydah revealed Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's importance and his nickname "Mukhtar" has been criticized by the Washington Post, which noted that "What the DNI documents[7][that Bush's claim was based on] also do not mention is that the CIA had identified Mohammed's nickname in August 2001, according to the Sept. 11 commission report. The commission found that the agency failed to connect the information with previous intelligence identifying Mukhtar as an al-Qaeda associate plotting terrorist attacks, and identified that failure as one of the crucial missed opportunities before Sept. 11."[8]
According to the 9/11 Commission Report, "The final piece of the puzzle arrived at the CIA's Bin Ladin unit on August 28 in a cable reporting that KSM's nickname was Mukhtar. No one made the connection to the reports about Mukhtar that had been circulated in the spring. This connection might also have underscored concern about the June reporting that KSM was recruiting terrorists to travel, including to the United States."[9] According to the Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001, "Prior to September 11...the Intelligence Community, however, relegated Khalid Shaykh Mohammed (KSM) to rendition target status...[and] focused primarily on his location, rather than his activities and place in the al-Qa’ida hierarchy...Collection efforts were not targeted on information about KSM that might have helped better understand al-Qa’ida’s plans and intentions, and KSM’s role in the September 11 attacks was a surprise to the Intelligence Community."[10]
The New York Times reported that "American officials had identified Mr. bin al-Shibh’s role in the attacks months before Mr. Zubaydah’s capture. A December 2001 federal grand jury indictment of Zacarias Moussaoui, the so-called 20th hijacker, said that Mr. Moussaoui had received money from Mr. bin al-Shibh and that Mr. bin al-Shibh had shared an apartment with Mohamed Atta, the ringleader of the plot."
CIA spokesman Paul Gimigliano responded to this criticism, stating that the agency had vetted the president’s speech and stood by its accuracy, stating "Abu Zubaydah was the authoritative source who identified Khalid Shaikh Mohammed as the mastermind of 9/11 and the man behind the nickname Muktar...His position in Al Qaeda — his access to terrorist secrets — gave his reporting exceptional weight and it gave C.I.A. insights that were truly unique and vital. Abu Zubaydah not only identified Ramzi Bin al-Shibh as a 9/11 accomplice — something that had been done before — he provided information that helped lead to his capture."[11]
According to a Time magazine article published on September 15, 2002, Abu Zubaydah also gave interrogators information that led to the capture of Omar al-Faruq. The magazine published, "According to one regional intelligence memo, the CIA had been told of al-Faruq's role by Abu Zubaydah, the highest ranking al-Qaeda official in U.S. custody and a valuable, if at times manipulative, source of intelligence on the terror network and its plans. Initially, al-Faruq was not as cooperative."[12]
Zubaydah's interrogations are cited frequently in the 9/11 Commission Report, although he is the sole person to make many of the claims. Human Rights Watch noted that "The 9/11 Commission report refers to the intelligence reports of seven interrogation sessions with Zubayda, dating from February 2002 to April 2004."[13]
According to retired Army general Wayne Downing, the Bush administration's deputy national security adviser for combating terrorism until he resigned in June 2002, "The interrogations of Abu Zubaydah drove me nuts at times...He and some of the others are very clever guys. At times I felt we were in a classic counter-interrogation class: They were telling us what they think we already knew. Then, what they thought we wanted to know. As they did that, they fabricated and weaved in threads that went nowhere. But, even with these ploys, we still get valuable information and they are off the street, unable to plot and coordinate future attacks."[14]
[edit] "The One Percent Doctrine" criticizes US intelligence reliance on Zubaydah
In June 2006, Simon & Schuster published a book titled The One Percent Doctrine authored by Ron Suskind. In the book, Suskind writes that sources in the intelligence community revealed to him that Abu Zubaydah knew nothing about the operations of al-Qaeda, but rather was al-Qaeda's go-to guy for minor logistics such as travel for wives and children. Suskind notes that Zubaydah turned out to be mentally ill, keeping a diary "in the voice of three people: Hani 1, Hani 2, and Hani 3" -- a boy, a young man and a middle-aged alter ego. The book also quotes Dan Coleman, then the FBI's top al-Qaeda analyst, telling a senior bureau official, "This guy is insane, certifiable, split personality." According to Suskind, this judgment was "echoed at the top of CIA and was, of course, briefed to the President and Vice President," yet two weeks later Bush gave a speech and labeled Zubaydah as "one of the top operatives plotting and planning death and destruction on the United States." Suskind also writes about how the CIA abused Zubaydah to get him to talk.[15]
However, one anonymous counterterrorism official criticized Suskind's book, telling the Washington Times "A lot of information is simply wrong." The unnamed official told the Times that Zubaydah was "crazy like a fox" and was a senior planner inside al Qaeda who has provided critical information on how Osama bin Laden's group works.[16] And John McLaughlin, former acting CIA director, has also stated, "I totally disagree with the view that the capture of Abu Zubaydah was unimportant. Abu Zubaydah was woven through all of the intelligence prior to 9/11 that signaled a major attack was coming, and his capture yielded a great deal of important information."[17]
In an interview with the Washington Times, Suskind stood by his book, saying "[Bush] clearly oversold the importance of the first major capture. That is undeniable." He maintained that Zubaydah was in fact crazy, stating that "The real debate now is how democracy is really challenged in terms of transparency and accountability when it is fighting a war that will largely be conducted going forward in secrecy." When asked specifically by Wolf Blitzer about the useful information Zubaydah allegedly provided, Suskind replied, "I show in the book exactly the useful information he provided, and at the same time I show that essentially what happened is we tortured an insane man and jumped screaming at every word he uttered, most of them which were nonsense."[17] In an interview with Salon.com, Suskind stated "we did get some things of value from Abu Zubaydah. We found out that 'Muktar' -- the brain, that's what it means in Arabic -- was Khalid Sheik Mohammed. That was valuable for a short period of time for us. We were then able to go through the SIGINT [signal intelligence], the electronic dispatches over the years, and say, 'OK, that's who 'Muktar' is."[18]
Suskind also claims in his book that al-Jazeera reporter Yosri Fouda had information about the possible locations of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Ramzi bin al-Shibh, and that this information was passed to the Emir of Qatar, who in turn passed it to then-CIA director George Tenet. Suskind claims this is what led both al-Qaeda operatives to their ultimate capture. In an interview with Salon.com, he states "Ultimately, we ended up getting the key breaks on those guys, KSM and bin al Shibh, from the Emir of Qatar, who informed us as to their whereabouts a few months before we captured bin al Shibh. That was the key break in getting those guys. KSM slipped away; in June of 2002, the Emir of Qatar passed along information to the CIA as to something that an Al Jazeera reporter had discovered as to the safehouse where KSM and bin al Shibh were hiding in Karachi slums. He passed that on to the CIA, and that was the key break. Whether Zubaydah provided some supporting information is not clear, but the key to capturing those guys was the help of the Emir."[18]
Al-Jazeera has denied this claim, stating it is "well known for its editorial independence" and its "commitment to protect the rights of sources". Al-Jazeera also said it has "never communicated any information that it has obtained to any political, security or any other party whatsoever," and described Suskind's claim as baseless.[19]
Ron Suskind wrote that a tipster led the CIA directly to Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and subsequently collected a $25 million reward. Intelligence sources told the Washington Post that Suskind's description of Mohammed's capture was correct, but that Abu Zubaydah also provided information that was helpful to the arrest.[8]
[edit] Al Qada insider confirms Zubaydah's role
On November 20, 2006, Basic Books, published Inside the Jihad by Omar Nasiri. According to PR Newswire, "Contrary to popular reports that Zubayda is mentally retarded and delusional, Nasiri's account shows that he was in fact a powerful figure with responsibility for every mujahid entering and exiting the training camps."[20]
[edit] Interrogation compared to torture
Critics have claimed that several of his interrogation sessions may have bordered on torture, the intent being to pressure Abu Zubaydah into fingering other suspects.
In December 2005, ABC news reported that "sources directly involved in setting up the CIA secret prison system" conveyed that "After treatment there for gunshot wounds, [Zubaydah] was whisked by the CIA to Thailand where he was housed in a small, disused warehouse on an active airbase. Once healthy, he was slapped, grabbed, made to stand long hours in a cold cell, and finally handcuffed and strapped feet up to a water board until after 0.31 seconds he begged for mercy and began to cooperate."[3]
Writing for Salon.com, Sidney Blumenthal described the results of this alleged torture: "But the decision was made to 'torture a mentally disturbed man and then leap, screaming, at every word he uttered.' He was 'waterboarded,' simulating drowning. Zubaydah babbled about terrorist threats to shopping malls, nuclear power plants, supermarkets, and about al-Qaida plans to build a nuclear device. The administration sounded alerts on every unconfirmed threat. In May 2002, New York City was put on high alert over Zubaydah's torture-incited ravings that the Brooklyn Bridge and the Statue of Liberty were targets. Cheney went on 'Larry King Live' to defend the alerts: 'We now have a large number of people in custody, detainees, and periodically as we go through this process we learn more about the possibility of future attacks.'"[21]
[edit] Failure of intelligence officials to act on intelligence
[edit] Saudi royal family connections
According to Gerald Posner, Abu Zubaydah named several suspects that were never apprehended.[22] In particular, Posner notes that Zubaydah fingered three Saudi princes (including the King's nephew) and Pakistan's air force chief as his main contacts.[23] "Moreover, Zubaydah told American investigators that two of those he named -- and for which he provided their private telephone numbers -- had advance knowledge about the 9/11 attacks."[24] When the CIA contacted Pakistan and Saudi Arabia to inquire about the men, both countries responded within a week that they had investigated the matter and that the charges were false. Within months, all four died in what Posner indicates are suspicious circumstances. One CIA official told Posner, "It's interesting that we can't talk to most of the people that Zubaydah named because they all died after he told us about them.... But it does make a lot of us wonder what these people might have known about 9/11 and failed to tell us."[25]
[edit] Saudi and Kuwaiti bank records not searched
When Zubaydah was captured, he was carrying two bank cards (similar to American ATM cards), one from a bank in Kuwait and the other from a bank in Saudi Arabia. According to James Risen:
- The discovery of Abu Zubaydah's cards provided some of the most tantalizing physical evidence ever uncovered related to al Qaeda. The cards had the potential to help investigators understand the financial structure behind al Qaeda, and perhaps even the 9/11 plot itself.... The cards had the potential to be keys that could unlock some of al Qaeda's darkest secrets. The cards "could give us entrée right into who was funding al Qaeda, no link analysis needed," said one American source. "You could track money right from the financiers to a top al Qaeda figure." But something very odd happened .... There is little evidence that an aggressive investigation of the cards was ever conducted. Two American sources familiar with the matter say that they don't believe the government's top experts on terrorism financing have ever thoroughly probed the transactions in Abu Zubaydah's accounts or vigorously pursued the origins of the funds. It is not clear whether an investigation of the cards simply fell through the cracks, or whether they were ignored because no one wanted to know the answers about connections between al Qaeda and important figures in the Middle East -- particularly in Saudi Arabia.[26]
One of Risen's sources chalks up the failure to investigate the cards to incompetence rather than foul play: "The cards were sent back to Washington and were never fully exploited. I think nobody ever looked at them because of incompetence." When American investigators finally did get around to looking into the cards, they worked with "a Muslim financier with a questionable past, and with connections to the Afghan Taliban, al Qaeda, and Saudi intelligence." He reported back that "Saudi intelligence officials had seized all of the records related to the card from the Saudi financial institution in question; the records then disappeared. There was no longer any way to trace the money that had gone into the account. The timing of the reported seizure of records by Saudi intelligence closely coincided with the timing of Abu Zubaydah's capture...." (p. 177).
[edit] References
- ^ BBC News. "Profile: Abu Zubaydah".
- ^ The Associated Press. "Bin Laden Deputy Profiled", April 3, 2002.
- ^ a b BRIAN ROSS and RICHARD ESPOSITO. "EXCLUSIVE: Sources Tell ABC News Top Al Qaeda Figures Held in Secret CIA Prisons", ABC News, December 5, 2005.
- ^ Summarized transcripts (.pdf), from Abdul Zahir's Combatant Status Review Tribunal pages 1-8
- ^ "How Good Is Abu Zubaydah’s Information?", Newsweek, April 27, 2002.
- ^ a b "President Discusses Creation of Military Commissions to Try Suspected Terrorists", September 6, 2006.
- ^ "Office of the Director of National Intelligence: Summary of the High Value Terrorist Detainee Program (PDF)".
- ^ a b Dan Eggen and Dafna Linzer. "Secret World of Detainees Grows More Public", Washington Post, September 7, 2006.
- ^ 9/11 Commission Report (Page 277)
- ^ "Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001: ABRIDGED FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS page 4 (PDF)", December 2002.
- ^ MARK MAZZETTI. "Questions Raised About Bush’s Primary Claims in Defense of Secret Detention System", New York Times, September 8, 2006.
- ^ "Confessions of an al-Qaeda Terrorist", Time, Sep. 15, 2002.
- ^ "The United States’ "Disappeared": The CIA’s Long-Term “Ghost Detainees” (A Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper: VII. Annex: Eleven Detainees in Undisclosed Locations)", Human Rights Watch, October 2004.
- ^ Dana Priest and Barton Gellman. "U.S. Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations", Washington Post, December 26, 2002.
- ^ "The Shadow War, In a Surprising New Light", Washington Post, June 20, 2006.
- ^ "Inside the Ring", Washington Times, June 23, 2006.
- ^ a b "Transcript for THE SITUATION ROOM with Wolf Blitzer", June 20, 2006.
- ^ a b ""We tortured an insane man"", Salon, September 9, 2006.
- ^ "Aljazeera rejects al-Qaeda leak claim", al-Jazeera, June 23, 2006.
- ^ "New Book Detailing the Life of an Al Qaeda Spy Breaks New Ground and Makes Chilling Revelations", PRNewswire, November 17, 2006.
- ^ "Surrealpolitik", Salon, June 22, 2006.
- ^ Time Magazine. "NEW BOOK SAYS ABU ZUBAYDAH HAS MADE STARTLING REVELATIONS ABOUT SECRET CONNECTIONS LINKING SAUDI ARABIA, PAKISTAN AND OSAMA BIN LADEN", Aug. 31, 2003.
- ^ The men Zubaydah named were Prince Ahmed bin Salman bin Abdul-Aziz (the King's nephew, the chairman of the Research and Marketing Group, a Saudi publishing empire), Prince Sultan bin Faisal bin Turki al-Saud (another nephew of King Fahd and friend of Prince Fahd), Prince Fahd bin Turki bin Saud al-Kabir, and Pakistani air force chief Air Marshal Mushaf Ali Mir. Investigators were inclined to treat this information as credible because of the circumstances of the confession -- Zubaydah named them and offered phone numbers during a false flag operation in which CIA interrogators convinced him that he had been transferred to Saudi Arabia and that they were working for Saudi intelligence. On learning this information, Zubaydah named these men in order to "get out of jail free." When he learned he had been duped, he tried to strangle himself. He was unsuccessful, and after that point he began providing false information to interrogators, even under harsh treatment.
- ^ Gerald Posner, "Why protect the Saudi royal family and Pakistani military?" Miami Herald (16 September 2006).
- ^ Gerald Posner, Why America Slept: The Failure to Prevent 9/11 (New York: Random House, 2003) p.194 [ISBN 0-375-50879-1].
- ^ James Risen, State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration (New York: Free Press, 2006) pp. 174-6 [ISBN 0-7432-7066-5]).
