Albert K. Cohen
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Albert K. Cohen (June 15, 1918, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) is an American criminologist best known for his Subcultural Theory of delinquent urban gangs.
Albert Cohen (1918) addressed the criticisms of Merton and suggested a theory based on the replacement of society’s common norms and values by sub-cultures. He proposed two basic ideologies, the first of which is called status frustration.
Status frustration is directed mainly to the young people of lower classes. There is no parallel between their own social realities and the rest of society's promoted goals. They become frustrated at the disadvantages and inequalities that they face, and this leads to Cohen’s second principle; reaction formation.
Reaction formation is the reaction from status frustration, and the young men of the lower classes find themselves replacing societies norms and values with alternative ones. I.e. instead of working hard being the common goal for respect, it may become a deliquent act like who commits the most vandalism to gain the respect. This provides the group with a sense of values and status which they cannot receive from the larger society. It is process which allows the members of the groups to adapt to their own exclusion from society. Unlike Merton's strain theory, Cohen holds the view that the reaction to status frustration is a collective response rather than an individual one.
This theory accounts for the increasing rates of non-utilitarian crime (vandalism, loitering and joy-riding) in western societies. Although actions such as these do not provide monetary gain to the perpetrator, they come to hold value to members of the sub-culture. As such, becoming accessible means of achieving status and prestige among the individual's peer group.
