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American Goldfinch

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wikipedia:How to read a taxobox
How to read a taxobox
Eastern or American Goldfinch

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Fringillidae
Genus: Carduelis
Species: C. tristis
Binomial name
Carduelis tristis
(Linnaeus, 1758)

The Eastern or American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) is a typical North American seed-eating member of the finch (Fringillidae) family, averaging 11 cm in length. It breeds across southern Canada from British Columbia to Newfoundland and through most of the United States north of the Gulf and core Southwestern States.

It prefers trees in open places, especially in orchards and along roadsides. As winter approaches, the goldfinch moves short distances towards the south. Its winter range includes southern British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and most of the United States.

In spring the birds moult all but their black wing and tail feathers, and the bills of both sexes turn orange. The male assumes brilliant canary yellow plumage and a striking jet black cap; he has a very pleasing call song. In flight, a white rump contrasts with the black tail. The common winter plumage is a duller olive-brown with some yellow still showing on the head. In some winter ranges the birds lose all traces of yellow, becoming predominantly medium tan-grey banded colour, with an olive cast evident only on close viewing.

Female American goldfinch in winter plumage.
Female American goldfinch in winter plumage.

Their flight path is not straight horizontally; instead, they generally fly while going slightly up and down, making an ocean wave-shaped path. The American Goldfinch lays four to six bluish white eggs, roughly the size of peanuts.

Their favorite foods (at least in the U.S.) are thistle and teasel seeds. However, they also eat small seeds from other weeds, grasses and trees, tree buds, maple sap and sometimes insects. In winter, they are often seen in flocks.

This is the state bird of Iowa, New Jersey, and Washington.[1] This bird is also known as the Wild Canary.

See also: European Goldfinch

Contents

[edit] Gallery

[edit] References

  1. ^ Symbols of Washington State. Washington State Legislature. Retrieved on March 11, 2007.

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Book

  • Middleton, A. L. A. 1993. American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis). In The Birds of North America, No. 80 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists’ Union.

[edit] Thesis

  • Bay MD. Ph.D. (1994). Effects of area and vegetation on breeding bird communities in early successional oldfields. University of Arkansas, United States -- Arkansas.
  • Brunet R. Ph.D. (1997). Impact d'agents anticholinergiques sur differents parametres des rythmes circadiens aviaires. Universite de Sherbrooke (Canada), Canada.
  • Buttemer WA. Ph.D. (1981). THE THERMAL SIGNIFICANCE OF WINTER ROOST-SITE SELECTION BY AMERICAN GOLDFINCHES (CARDUELIS TRISTIS). University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.
  • Chabwela HN. Ph.D. (1982). EFFECTS OF AGGREGATE MINING OPERATIONS ON WILDLIFE IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO. University of Guelph (Canada), Canada.
  • Gissing GJ. M.Sc. (1994). Analysis of the mating system of the American goldfinch, Carduelis tristis, with non-isotopic DNA fingerprinting. University of Guelph (Canada), Canada.
  • Hamilton TR. D.Ed. (1991). The expansion of the eastern house finch population and its impact on populations of house sparrows, purple finches and American goldfinches. Ball State University, United States -- Indiana.
  • Hartup BK. Ph.D. (2000). The epidemiology of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus). Cornell University, United States -- New York.
  • Jacobsen AM. M.Sc. (1990). Sex ratios of nestling American goldfinches (Carduelis tristis) at Guelph, Ontario. University of Guelph (Canada), Canada.
  • Knight SK. Ph.D. (1986). ASYNCHRONOUS HATCHING AND FOOD PROVISIONING OF NESTLING SONGBIRDS (SIBLING COMPETITION, SIZE HIERARCHY, BROOD REDUCTION, GRANIVOROUS, ALTRICIAL). The University of Wisconsin - Madison, United States -- Wisconsin.
  • Liknes ET. Ph.D. (2005). Seasonal acclimatization patterns and mechanisms in small, temperate-resident passerines: Phenotypic flexibility of complex traits. University of South Dakota, United States -- South Dakota.
  • MacDougall AK. M.Sc. (2003). Reproductive correlates of plumage coloration in American goldfinches (Carduelis tristis). Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.
  • Mansfield-Jones J. Ph.D. (1995). Impact of intestinal coccidiosis on the American goldfinch, Carduelis tristis. University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.
  • Mayer LP. Ph.D. (1981). THE IMPORTANCE OF SEASONAL MICROCLIMATE UTILIZATION OF TWO SMALL BIRDS, CAROLINA CHICKADEE (PARUS CAROLINENSIS) AND AMERICAN GOLDFINCH (CARDUELIS TRISTIS). The Ohio State University, United States -- Ohio.
  • Miller LJ. Ph.D. (1978). THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISPERSION OF NESTS AS AN ADAPTATION TO FOOD EXPLOITATION AND NEST PREDATION IN THE AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States -- Illinois.
  • Mundinger PC. Ph.D. (1969). THE ETHOLOGY OF THE EASTERN AMERICAN GOLDFINCH (SPINUS T. TRISTIS) IN RELATION TO ITS ANNUAL TESTICULAR CYCLE. Cornell University, United States -- New York.
  • Olson VA. M.Sc. (1996). Coccidia and sexual selection in the American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis): A test of the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis. University of Guelph (Canada), Canada.
  • Pengelly M. M.Sc. (1982). The mating system of the American Goldfinch, Carduelis tristis (Passeriformes: Fringillidae). University of Guelph (Canada), Canada.
  • Popp JW. Ph.D. (1987). AGGRESSION AND AGONISTIC COMMUNICATION AMONG AMERICAN GOLDFINCHES AND PURPLE FINCHES. The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, United States -- Wisconsin.
  • Van't Hof TJ. Ph.D. (1992). Seasonal variation in levels of thyroid and reproductive hormones in three sympatric cardueline finches. University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.
  • Witt JW. Ph.D. (2005). Shrub and grassland birds at Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge in northern Virginia and the influence burning and mowing has had upon their distribution and abundance. George Mason University, United States -- Virginia.

[edit] Articles

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  • Buttemer WA. (1985). Energy Relations of Winter Roost-Site Utilization by American Goldfinches Carduelis-Tristis. Oecologia. vol 68, no 1. p. 126-132.
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  • Dannemiller SD. (1984). Influence of Color and Posture on the Energetics of the American Goldfinch Carduelis-Tristis. Ohio Journal of Science. vol 84, no 2.
  • Daoust PY, Busby DG, Ferns L, Goltz J, McBurney S, Poppe C & Whitney H. (2000). Salmonellosis in songbirds in the Canadian Atlantic provinces during winter-summer 1997-98. Canadian Veterinary Journal-Revue Veterinaire Canadienne. vol 41, no 1. p. 54-59.
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  • Dawson WR. (1993). The geography of winter fattening in the American goldfinch. American Zoologist. vol 33, no 5.
  • Dawson WR, Carey C & Vanthof TJ. (1992). METABOLIC ASPECTS OF SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS IN PASSERINES DURING WINTER. Ornis Scandinavica. vol 23, no 3. p. 381-387.
  • Dawson WR & Marsh RL. (1986). Winter Fattening in the American Goldfinch Carduelis-Tristis and the Possible Role of Temperature in Its Regulation. Physiological Zoology. vol 59, no 3. p. 357-368.
  • Desportes JP, Metcalfe NB, Popp JW, Meyer RM, Gallo A & Cezilly F. (1990). The Predictability and Patterns of Vigilant Behavior. Behavioural Processes. vol 22, no 1-2. p. 41-46.
  • Desportes JP, Metcalfe NB, Popp JW, Meyer RM, Gallo A & Cezilly F. (1993). RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SCAN AND INTERSCAN DURATIONS IN 3 AVIAN SPECIES. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie. vol 71, no 7. p. 1466-1469.
  • Desportes J-P, Metcalfe NB, Popp JW, Meyer RM, Gallo A & Cezilly F. (1993). Relationships between scan and interscan durations in three avian species. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 71, no 7. p. 1466-1469.
  • Dickson JG & Noble RE. (1978). Vertical Distribution of Birds in a Louisiana USA Bottomland Hardwood Forest. Wilson Bulletin. vol 90, no 1. p. 19-30.
  • Dunn EH & Hussell JAT. (1991). Goldfinch Preferences for Bird Feeder Location. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 62, no 2. p. 256-259.
  • Erickson WR. (2004). Bird communities of the garry oak habitat in southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 118, no 3. p. 376-385.
  • Faanes CA. (1987). Breeding Birds and Vegetation Structure in Western North Dakota USA Wooded Draws. Prairie Naturalist. vol 19, no 4. p. 209-220.
  • Farmer KL, Hill GE & Roberts SR. (2005). Susceptibility of wild songbirds to the house finch strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol 41, no 2. p. 317-325.
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  • Gissing GJ, Crease TJ & Middleton ALA. (1998). Extrapair paternity associated with renesting in the American Goldfinch. Auk. vol 115, no 1. p. 230-234.
  • Goldstein DL. (1983). Effect of Wind on Avian Metabolic Rate with Particular Reference to Gambels Quail Callipepla-Gambelii. Physiological Zoology. vol 56, no 4. p. 485-492.
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  • Harth AK & Waller DW. (1990). The Attentiveness of the Male American Goldfinch to the Incubating Female. Ohio Journal of Science. vol 90, no 2.
  • Hartup BK, Dhondt AA, Sydenstricker KV, Hochachka WM & Kollias GV. (2001). Host range and dynamics of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis among birds in North America. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol 37, no 1. p. 72-81.
  • Hartup BK, Kollias GV & Ley DH. (2000). Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in songbirds from New York. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol 36, no 2. p. 257-264.
  • Heindl M & Winkler H. (2003). Female canaries (Serinus canaria) associate more with males that contrast strongly against the background. Ethology. vol 109, no 3. p. 259-271.
  • Hill GE & McGraw KI. (2004). Correlated changes in male plumage coloration and female mate choice in cardueline finches. Animal Behaviour. vol 67, no 1. p. 27-35.
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  • Horn DJ. (1995). Perching orientation affects number of feeding attempts and seed consumption by the American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis). Ohio Journal of Science. vol 95, no 4. p. 292-293.
  • Horn DJ, Koford RR & Braland ML. (2002). Effects of field size and landscape composition on grassland birds in south-central Iowa. Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science. vol 109, no 1-2. p. 1-7.
  • Johnson K, Dalton R & Burley N. (1993). Preferences of female American goldfinches (Carduelis tristis) for natural and artificial male traits. Behavioral Ecology. vol 4, no 2. p. 138-143.
  • Kiviat E. (1996). American Goldfinch nests in purple loosestrife. Wilson Bulletin. vol 108, no 1. p. 182-186.
  • Kleinhenz C. (1984). The Importance of Micro Climate in Nest Site Selection of the American Goldfinch Carduelis-Tristis. Ohio Journal of Science. vol 84, no 2.
  • Knight RL & Temple SA. (1986). Nest Defense in the American Goldfinch Carduelis-Tristis. Animal Behaviour. vol 34, no 3. p. 887-897.
  • Laubach R. (1984). Breeding Birds of Sheeder Prairie Preserve West-Central Iowa USA. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. vol 91, no 4. p. 152-163.
  • Lerczak TV. (2004). Breeding bird community responses to a small shrubland-to-Prairie restoration. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. vol 97, no 2. p. 135-140.
  • Ley DH, Berkhoff JE & Levisohn S. (1997). Molecular epidemiologic investigations of Mycoplasma gallisepticum conjunctivitis in songbirds by random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses. Emerging Infectious Diseases. vol 3, no 3. p. 375-380.
  • Ley DH, Geary SJ, Berkhoff JE, McLaren JM & Levisohn S. (1998). Mycoplasma sturni from blue jays and northern mockingbirds with conjunctivitis in Florida. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol 34, no 2. p. 403-406.
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  • Liknes ET & Swanson DL. (2000). Seasonal metabolic acclimatization in the American goldfinch revisited: To what extent does summit metabolism vary seasonally?. American Zoologist. vol 40, no 6.
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  • Mansfield-Jones J. (1991). Seasonal Variation of Coccidian Abundance in the American Goldfinch Carduelis-Tristis. American Zoologist. vol 31, no 5.
  • Mansfield-Jones J. (1995). Impact of coccidiosis on growth in the American goldfinch, Carduelis-tristis. American Zoologist. vol 35, no 5.
  • Mariani CL, Earley CG & McKinnon C. (1993). Early nesting by the American Goldfinch, Carduelis tristis, and subsequent parasitism by the Brown-headed Cowbird, Molothrus ater, in Ontario. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 107, no 3. p. 349-350.
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  • Marsh RL, Dawson WR, Camilliere JJ & Olson JM. (1990). Regulation of Glycolysis in the Pectoralis Muscles of Seasonally Acclimatized American Goldfinches Exposed to Cold. American Journal of Physiology. vol 258, no 3 PART 2. p. R711-R717.
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  • McGraw KJ. (2004). Colorful songbirds metabolize carotenoids at the integument. Journal of Avian Biology. vol 35, no 6. p. 471-476.
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  • McGraw KJ. (2005). Interspecific variation in dietary carotenoid assimilation in birds: Links to phylogeny and color ornamentation. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology Part B Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. vol 142, no 2. p. 245-250.
  • McGraw KJ, Adkins-Regan E & Parker RS. (2002). Anhydrolutein in the zebra finch: a new, metabolically-derived carotenoid in birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. vol 132, no 4. p. 811-818.
  • McGraw KJ, Beebee MD, Hill GE & Parker RS. (2003). Lutein-based plumage coloration in songbirds is a consequence of selective pigment incorporation into feathers. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. vol 135, no 4. p. 689-696.
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  • McGraw KJ, Gregory AJ, Parker RS & Adkins-Regan E. (2003). Diet, plasma carotenoids, and sexual coloration in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Auk. vol 120, no 2. p. 400-410.
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  • McGraw KJ, Hill GE, Navara KJ & Parker RS. (2004). Differential accumulation and pigmenting ability of dietary carotenoids in colorful finches. Physiological & Biochemical Zoology. vol 77, no 3. p. 484-491.
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  • McGraw KJ, Hill GE, Stradi R & Parker RS. (2001). The influence of carotenoid acquisition and utilization on the maintenance of species-typical plumage pigmentation in male American goldfinches (Carduelis tristis) and northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis). Physiological & Biochemical Zoology. vol 74, no 6. p. 843-852.
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  • Middleton ALA. (1982). Response by American Goldfinches Carduelis-Tristis to a Severe Winter Storm. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 96, no 2. p. 202-204.
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