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Ankylosauridae

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Ankylosaurids
Fossil range: Jurassic - Cretaceous
Conservation status
Extinct (fossil)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Sauropsida
Superorder: Dinosauria
Order: Ornithischia
Suborder: Thyreophora
Infraorder: Ankylosauria
Family: Ankylosauridae
Brown, 1908
Genera

See text.

Ankylosauridae were a family of armored dinosaurs that evolved 125 million years ago (along with another family of ankylosaurs, the Nodosauridae) and died 65 million years ago at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction Event. Ankylosaurids have been found in western North America, Europe and East Asia. Ankylosaurids are rare as good specimens in the geological record. Most are known only from bone fragments.

Contents

[edit] Features

The heavy armour, forming a veritable shell on the backs of ankylosaurids and their clubbed tails, makes them look superficially similar to the mammalian Glyptodonts Their heavily armoured heads formed a toothless beak at the front (comparable to modern birds), though the sides of the mouth and the lower jaw did bear small teeth, deeply inset from the jaw.

[edit] Armour

Ankylosaurids usually had a thick armour plating of fused bone, often interspersed with a variety of spikes and nodes. Ankylosaurids were so heavily armored that some advanced species even had armored eyelids.

[edit] Tail

Many ankylosaurids also had an enlarged mass of bone forming a "club" on the end of their tails made of two enlarged bone nodules, the bone that forms the club are embedded into the skin while the two nodes are fused to the vertebrae and sometimes to each other. This tail club has traditionally been used to separate ankylosaurids from their close relatives the nodosaurids, although the most primitive ankylosaurids (polocanthines) also lacked tail clubs.

[edit] Species and Taxonomy

Two subfamilies are generally recognised. In one paper, Ken Carpenter raised Polacanthinae to family status, which is not recognised by other paleontologists. The Polacanthinae are late Jurassic to early Cretaceous in age and Kirkland has observed they appeared to have become extinct at about the same time that a land bridge opened between Asia and North America.

Definitions (after Sereno, 2005) [1]:

Ankylosauridae is defined as the most inclusive clade containing Ankylosaurus magniventris but not Panoplosaurus mirus.
Ankylosaurinae is defined as the most inclusive clade containing Ankylosaurus magniventris but not Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum, Minmi paravertebra, or Shamosaurus scutatus.

[edit] References

  • Carpenter K (2001). "Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria", in Carpenter, Kenneth(ed): The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, 455–484. ISBN 0-253-33964-2. 
  • Kirkland, J. I. (1996). Biogeography of western North America's mid-Cretaceous faunas - losing European ties and the first great Asian-North American interchange. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16 (Suppl. to 3): 45A

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