Anti-Saloon League
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The Anti-Saloon League was the leading organization lobbying for Prohibition in the United States in the early 20th century. It was a key component of the Progressive Movement, and was strongest in the South and rural North, drawing heavy support from pietistic Protestant ministers and their congregations, especially Methodists, Baptists, Disciples and Congregationalists. It concentrated on legislation, and cared about how legislators voted, not whether they drank or not. Founded as a state society in Oberlin, Ohio in 1893, its influence spread rapidly. In 1895 it became a national organization and quickly rose to become the most powerful prohibition lobby in America, pushing aside its older competitors the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and the Prohibition Party. Its triumph was nationwide prohibition locked into the Constitution with passage of the 18th Amendment in 1919. It was decisively defeated when prohibition was repealed in 1933.
Kerr (1980) and Odegard (1928) have explored its political innovations. The League was the first modern pressure group organized around one issue. Unlike earlier popular movements, it utilized bureaucratic methods learned from business to build a strong organization. The League's first leader, Howard Hyde Russell (1855-1946), believed that the best leadership was selected, not elected. Russell built from the bottom up, shaping local leagues and raising the most promising young men to leadership at the local and state levels. This organizational strategy reinvigorated the temperance movement.
Lamme (2004) shows the League used a multitiered approach in its attempts to secure a dry nation through national legislation and congressional hearings, the Scientific Temperance Federation, and its own American Issue. The ASLA also used emotion and cognition in the style of such issues related to World War I as anti-German sentiment, patriotism, and rationing. Lamme (2003) explores the public relations approach used by the League as it tried to mobilize public opinion in favor of a dry, saloonless nation. It invented many of the modern techniques of public relations. The founders saw themselves as preachers fulfilling their religious duty of eliminating liquor in America.
The league lobbied at all levels of government for legislation to prohibit the manufacture or import of spirits, beer and wine. Ware (1989) explores its operations in Phoenix, Arizona. Ministers had launched several efforts to close Arizona saloons after the 1906 creation of League chapters in Yuma, Tucson, and Phoenix. A League organizer from New York arrived in 1909, but the Phoenix chapter was stymied by local-option elections, whereby local areas could decide whether or not to allow saloons. League members pressured local police to take licenses from establishments that violated closing hours or served women and minors, and they provided witnesses to testify about these violations. One witness was Frank Shindelbower, a juvenile from a poor family, who testified several saloons had sold him liquor; as a result those saloons lost their licenses. However owners discovered that Shindelbower had perjured himself, and he was imprisoned. After the Arizona Gazette and other newspapers pictured Shindelbower as the innocent tool of the Anti-Saloon League, he was pardoned.
As the state level the League had mixed results, usually doing best in rural and southern states. Pegram (1990) explains its success in Illinois under William Hamilton Anderson. From 1900 and 1905 the League worked to obtain a local option referendum law and became an official church federation. Local Option was passed on 7 May 1907 and by 1910 40 of Illinois' 102 counties and 1,059 of the state's townships and precincts had become dry. Despite these successes, after the Prohibition amendment was ratified in 1919, social problems ignored by the League undermined the public influence of the single-issue pressure group, and it faded in importance. Pegram (1997) uses its failure in Maryland to explore the relationship between Southern Progressivism and national progressivism.. The Maryland leader 1907-14 was William H. Anderson, but he was unable to adapt to local conditions, such as the large German element. The League failed to ally with local political bosses and attacked the Democratic Party. In Maryland, as in the rest of the South, Pegram concludes, traditional religious, political, and racial concerns constrained reform movements even as they converted Southerners to the new national politics of federal intervention and interest-group competition.
The League's most prominent leader was Wayne Wheeler. It fought wet candidates such as Al Smith in 1928: Smith led the opposition to prohibition, which was repealed in 1932.
In 1909, the league moved its national headquarters from Washington, DC to Westerville, Ohio, which had a reputation for dryness. From 1948 until 1950 it was renamed the Temperance League, from 1950 to 1964 the National Temperance League, from 1964 the American Council on Alcohol Problems. It remains true to its original agenda. The American Issue Publishing Company, the publishing arm of the league, was also in Westerville. Ernest Cherrington headed the company. It printed so many leaflets - over 40 tons of mail per month - that Westerville was the smallest town to have a first class post office.
A museum about the league is at the Westerville Public Library.
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[edit] References
- Anti-Saloon League of America. Anti-Saloon League of America Yearbook. annual to 1933
- Cherrington, Ernest. History of the Anti-Saloon League. 1913, by senior official
- Donovan, Brian L. "Framing and Strategy: Explaining Differential Longevity in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and the Anti-Saloon League." Sociological Inquiry 1995 65(2): 143-155. Issn: 0038-0245 Fulltext: in Swetswise
- Ewin, James Lithgow. The Birth of the Anti-Saloon League. Washington, D.C., 1913
- Richard F. Hamm. Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment: Temperance Reform, Legal Culture, and the Polity, 1880-1920 (1995)
- Kerr, K. Austin. "Organizing for Reform: The Anti-Saloon League and Innovation in Politics." American Quarterly 1980 32(1): 37-53. Issn: 0003-0678 Fulltext: in Jstor
- Kerr, K. Austin. Organized for Prohibition: A New History of the Anti-Saloon League. Yale University Press, 1985, the standard history
- Lamme, Margot Opdycke. "The 'Public Sentiment Building Society': the Anti-saloon League of America, 1895-1910." Journalism History 2003 29(3): 123-132. Issn: 0094-7679 Fulltext: in Ebsco
- Lamme, Margot Opdycke. "Tapping into War: Leveraging World War I in the Drive for a Dry Nation." American Journalism 2004 21(4): 63-91. Issn: 0882-1127
- Lien, Jerry. The Speechmaking of the Anti-Saloon League. University of Southern California, 1968
- Odegard, Peter H. Pressure Politics: Story of the Anti-Saloon League. 1928, the most influential study
- Pegram, Thomas R. "Temperance Politics and Regional Political Culture: the Anti-saloon League in Maryland and the South, 1907-1915." Journal of Southern History 1997 63(1): 57-90. Issn: 0022-4642 Fulltext: in Jstor
- Pegram, Thomas R. "The Dry Machine: the Formation of the Anti-Saloon League of Illinois." Illinois Historical Journal 1990 83(3): 173-186. Issn: 0748-8149
- Sponholtz, Lloyd. "The Politics of Temperance in Ohio, 1880-1912." Ohio History 1976 85(1): 4-27. Issn: 0030-0934 online edition
- Szymanski, Ann-Marie E. Pathways to Prohibition: Radicals, Moderates, and Social Movement Outcomes. 2003.
- Ware, H. David. :The Anti-Saloon League Wages War in Phoenix, 1910: the Unlikely Case of Frank Shindelbower." Journal of Arizona History 1998 39(2): 141-154. Issn: 0021-9053
