User:Arkuat/Taxonomy

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Please browse the many articles that our Wikipedia has about the various taxa of living organisms!

The sorting order of these lists tries to follow the principle of most-familiar-first. Whenever a list of obscure taxa needs to be sorted, we try to follow the principle of listing the taxa in order of first published description. This last principle can be tricky too, and since we don't have access to all the relevant information about dates of first public description, many of the sublists in this outline are in semirandom order.

The names of phyla and divisions (equivalent taxonomical levels reflecting differences of nomenclature between zoologists and botanists) are in bold text.

1 Domain Eucarya
2 Domain Bacteria
3 Domain Archaea
4 Viruses (not alive, i. e. ametabolic, but evolving anyway)
5 See also

[edit] Domain Eucarya

The eukaryote regna are sorted this way to reflect the idea that animals and fungi are closely related to the opisthokont group of protists, and the plants are related to another group of protists. Protists are the paraphyletic subtaxon of eukaryotes. So yes, plants are much more familiar than protists and were discovered earlier.

[edit] Regnum Animalia

[edit] Deuterostomes

Chordata (Subphylum Vertebrata of this phylum is divided into eleven or twelve classes, and there are also some other subphyla of chordates.)
- Mammalia
- Aves (birds, but see below)
- Sauropsida (reptiles, a paraphyletic group)
  - Testudines (turtles, tortoises, and terrapins)
  - Sauropterygia (extinct, Note: many other extinct groups not listed here. See reptile.)
  - Lepidosauria
    - Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians)
    - Sphenodontia (tuataras)
  - Archosauria
    - Crurotarsi (crocodilians and others)
    - Ornithodira (dinosaurs (including birds), pterosaurs etc.)
- Amphibia
  - Anura (frogs and toads)
  - Caudata AKA Urodela (salamanders and newts)
  - Gymnophiona AKA Apoda (caecilians)
- Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes, one kind of bony fish)
  - Teleostei, the typical vertebrates (20,000 species extant, and far and away the most vertebrate biomass)
  - Chondrostei, e. g. sturgeons etc.
  - Holostei, e. g. gars and bowfins
- Dipnoi (lungfishes, one kind of lobe-finned fish)
- Actinistia (coelacanths, the other kind of lobe-finned fish)
- Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes with jaws)
  - Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, rays, etc)
  - Holocephali (chimaeras)
- Petromyzontida (lampreys)
- Myxini (hagfishes, oft accused of being a craniate but invertebrate class)
- Placodermi (extinct)
- Acanthodii (extinct)
- Urochordata - tunicates (AKA sea squirts), an invertebrate subphylum
- Cephalochordata - lancelets (AKA amphioxus), an invertebrate subphylum
Echinodermata
- Asteroidea (sea stars and sea daisies)
- Echinoidea (sea urchins, sand dollars)
- Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
- Ophiuroidea (brittle stars, basket stars)
- Crinoidea (sea lilies, feather stars)
Hemichordata (acorn worms, also graptolites?)
Chaetognatha (arrow worms, possibly protostome and ecdysozoan)

[edit] Ecdysozoans

Arthropoda
- Subphylum Hexapoda
  - Insecta (an extremely numerous and important class that I'm constantly tempted to add the orders thereof here. Instead, learn about the subclasses and orders of insects yourself directly (follow that last link), so I don't need to make this list any more cluttered than it already is.)
  - Entognatha (springtails, diplurans, and proturans)
- Subphylum Crustacea
  - Malacostraca (decapods, isopods, amphipods, etc.)
  - Cirripedia (barnacles)
  - Copepoda
  - Branchiopoda (sea-monkeys, brine shrimp, etc)
  - Ostracoda
  - Remipedia
  - Cephalocarida
  - Mystacocarida
  - Branchiura
  - Tantulocarida
- Subphylum Chelicerata
  - Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, etc.)
  - Merostomata (horseshoe crabs, etc.)
  - Pycnogonida (sea spiders, possibly not chelicerate)
  - Eurypterida (extinct like the trilobites)
- Subphylum Myriapoda
  - Chilopoda (centipedes)
  - Diplopoda (millipedes)
  - Pauropoda
  - Symphyla
- Subphylum Trilobita (extinct)
Nematoda (roundworms)
Tardigrada (water bears)
Onychophora (velvet worms)
Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
Scalidophora (see Markuelia)
- Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
- Loricifera
- Priapulida (penis worms)

[edit] Lophotrochozoans

Trochozoa
- Mollusca are divided into eight classes
  - Cephalopoda (squids, octopuses, etc.)
  - Bivalvia (pelecypods)
  - Gastropoda (snails, slugs, abalones, limpets)
  - Polyplacophora (chitons)
  - Monoplacophora
  - Aplacophora
  - Scaphopoda (tusk shells)
  - Caudofoveata
- Annelida
  - Polychaeta (probably paraphyletic)
  - Clitellata
    - Hirudinea (leeches)
    - Oligochaeta (earthworms, etc)
  - Myzostomida
- Sipuncula (peanut worms)
- Nemertea (ribbon worms)
Lophophorata
- Brachiopoda (lamp shells, including the famous Lingula)
- Phoronida
- Ectoprocta (bryozoans AKA moss animals)
- Entoprocta

[edit] Platyzoans

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Rotifera (rotifers)
- Seisonoidea
- Bdelloidea, magnificently mysterious parthenogenetics.
- Monogononta
Gastrotricha
Acanthocephala
Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
Micrognathozoa
Cycliophora

[edit] Other bilaterian phyla

Acoelomorpha (formerly thought to be part of Platyhelminthes)
Orthonectida (formerly thought to be Mesozoa or Agnotozoa)
Rhombozoa (formerly thought to be Mesozoa or Agnotozoa)
Myxozoa

[edit] Non-bilaterian animal phyla

Cnidaria (corals, jellyfish, etc)
- Anthozoa - Corals and sea anemones
- Cubozoa - Sea wasps or box jellyfish
- Hydrozoa - Hydroids, hydra-like animals
- Scyphozoa - Jellyfish
Ctenophora (comb jellies, closer to bilateria than cnidaria?)
Porifera (sponges, see also choanoflagellate)
Placozoa

[edit] Regnum Fungi

(see also: lichen) no subregnum, superdivision, or superphylum structure

Basidiomycota (mushrooms, etc.)
Ascomycota (yeasts, morels, truffles, Penicillium, etc.)
Zygomycota (mycorrhizal fungi, etc.)
Glomeromycota (these fungi form arbuscular mycorrhizae)
Chytridiomycota (once thought to be protists)

[edit] Regnum Protista

(soon to be many regna)

Chromista (nominated for fifth regnum of eucaryota, according to some)
- Heterokontophyta (heterokonts AKA stramenopiles, such as kelp, diatoms, chrysophyta, oomycota, etc.)
- Haptophyta
- Cryptophyta (cryptomonads)
Alveolates (see also chromalveolate)
- Ciliophora (ciliates)
- Dinoflagellata
- Apicomplexa (sporozoans)
Excavates
- Euglenozoa (e. g. Euglena, Trypanosoma)
- Percolozoa
- Metamonada (e. g. Giardia, Trichomonas, lack mitochondria)
Rhizaria (mostly amoeboids, many with interesting shells)
- Radiolaria
- Foraminifera
- Cercozoa
Opisthokont
- Choanozoa
- putative ancestors of animals and fungi
Archaeplastida
- Rhodophyta (red algae)
- Green algae: Chlorophyta, Charophyta (plants)
- glaucophytes?
other protist phyla
- Amoebozoa (includes some slime molds, some heliozoans, etc.)
- Apusozoa
- Many others (e. g. centrohelids); classification varies

[edit] Regnum Plantae

Seed plants (spermatophytes, also known as phanerogams, all of which are also both tracheophytes and embryophytes). All of these, except for Anthophyta, are known collectively as gymnosperms.
- Angiospermae AKA Anthophyta (flowering plants were traditionally divided into two classes)
  - Monocotyledoneae These produce all the rice and bread you eat, as well as orchids and palms. These taxonomy articles keep changing; classification in flux. Still thought to be a clade, I think.
  - Dicotyledoneae Our other familiar land-plant friends. More than forty-five orders, classification in flux. Now known to be a paraphyletic group of classes, apparently.
- Pinophyta (conifers, a kind of phanerogamous gymnosperms)
  - the following families are all in class Pinopsida, order Pinales
    - Pinaceae (pines, spruces; larches, doug-firs; firs, cedars, hemlocks)
    - Cupressaceae (cypresses, junipers, thujas, redwoods, sequoias, etc)
    - Taxaceae (yews)
    - Cephalotaxaceae (Torreya, Amentotaxus, Cephalotaxus)
    - Araucariaceae (Agathis, Araucaria, Wollemia)
    - Podocarpaceae (mainly southern hemisphere)
    - Sciadopityaceae (one species endemic to Japan)
- Cycadophyta (cycads, another kind of phanerogamous gymnosperms)
- Ginkgophyta (ginkgo, another kind of phanerogamous gymnosperms)
- Gnetophyta (gnetae, including Ephedra, yet another kind of phanerogamous gymnosperms)
- Pteridospermatophyta (extinct, seed ferns, yeah, you guessed it. That too!)
Cryptogamous tracheophytes
- Pteridophyta ("true" ferns)
- Equisetophyta (horsetails)
- Lycopodiophyta (clubmosses)
- Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
- Ophioglossophyta (adderstongues)
Non-vascular embryophytes (AKA non-vascular cryptogams)
- Marchantiophyta (liverworts)
- Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
- Bryophyta (mosses)
Plants that are protists (also cryptogams, but these are not embryophytes)
- Green algae AKA Chlorophyta, Charophyta
- Rhodophyta (red algae)