Bianchi classification

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In mathematics, the Bianchi classification, named for Luigi Bianchi, is a classification of the 3-dimensional real Lie algebras into 11 classes, 9 of which are single groups and two of which have a continuum of isomorphism classes. (Sometimes two of the groups are included in the infinite families, giving 9 instead of 11 classes.) The term "Bianchi classification" is also used for similar classifications in other dimensions.

Contents 1 Classification in dimension less than 3 2 Classification in dimension 3 3 See also 4 References

[edit] Classification in dimension less than 3

• Dimension 0: The only Lie algebra is the abelian Lie algebra R⁰.
• Dimension 1: The only Lie algebra is the abelian Lie algebra R¹, with outer automorphism group the group of non-zero real numbers.
• Dimension 2: There are two Lie algebras:

(1) The abelian Lie algebra R², with outer automorphism group GL₂(R).

(2) The solvable Lie algebra of 2×2 upper triangular matrices of trace 0. It has trivial center and trivial outer automorphism group.

[edit] Classification in dimension 3

All the 3-dimensional Lie algebras other than types VIII and IX can be constructed as a semidirect product of R² and R, with R acting on R² by some 2 by 2 matrix M. The different types correspond to different types of matrices M, as described below.

• Type I: This is the abelian and unimodular Lie algebra R³. The simply connected group has center R³ and outer automorphism group GL₃(R). This is the case when M is 0.
• Type II: Nilpotent and unimodular: Heisenberg algebra. The simply connected group has center R and outer automorphism group GL₂(R). This is the case when M is nilpotent but not 0 (eigenvalues all 0).
• Type III: Solvable and not unimodular. This algebra is a product of R and the 2-dimensional non-abelian Lie algebra. (It is a limiting case of type VI, where one eigenvalue becomes zero.) The simply connected group has center R and outer automorphism group the group of non-zero real numbers. The matrix M has one zero and one non-zero eigenvalue.
• Type IV: Solvable and not unimodular. [y,z] = 0, [x,y] = y, [x, z] = y + z. The simply connected group has trivial center and outer automorphism group the product of the reals and a group of order 2. The matrix M has two equal non-zero eigenvalues, but is not semisimple.
• Type V: Solvable and not unimodular. [y,z] = 0, [x,y] = y, [x, z] = z. (A limiting case of type VI where both eigenvalues are equal.) The simply connected group has trivial center and outer automorphism group the elements of GL₂(R) of determinant +1 or −1. The matrix M has two equal eigenvalues, and is semisimple.
• Type VI: Solvable and not unimodular. An infinite family. Semidirect products of R² by R, where the matrix M has non-zero distinct real eigenvalues with non-zero sum. The simply connected group has trivial center and outer automorphism group a product of the non-zero real numbers and a group of order 2.
• Type VI₀: Solvable and unimodular. This Lie algebra is the semidirect product of R² by R, with R where the matrix M has non-zero distinct real eigenvalues with zero sum. It is the Lie algebra of the group of isometries of 2-dimensional Minkowski space. The simply connected group has trivial center and outer automporphism group the product of the positive real numbers with the dihedral group of order 8.
• Type VII: Solvable and not unimodular. An infinite family. Semidirect products of R² by R, where the matrix M has non-real and non-imaginary eigenvalues. The simply connected group has trivial center and outer automorphism group the non-zero reals.
• Type VII₀: Solvable and unimodular. Semidirect products of R² by R, where the matrix M has non-zero imaginary eigenvalues. This is the Lie algebra of the group of isometries of the plane. The simply connected group has center Z and outer automorphism group a product of the non-zero real numbers and a group of order 2.
• Type VIII: Semisimple and unimodular. The Lie algebra sl₂(R) of traceless 2 by 2 matrices. The simply connected group has center Z and its outer automorphism group has order 2.
• Type IX: Semisimple and unimodular. The Lie algebra of the orthogonal group O₃(R). The simply connected group has center of order 2 and trivial outer automorphism group, and is a spin group.

The classification of 3-dimensional complex Lie algebras is similar except that types VIII and IX become isomorphic, and types VI and VII both become part of a single family of Lie algebras.

The connected 3-dimensional Lie groups can be classified as follows: they are a quotient of the corresponding simply connected Lie group by a discrete subgroup of the center, so can be read off from the table above.

The groups are related to the 8 geometries of Thurston's geometrization conjecture.

[edit] See also

• Table of Lie groups
• List of simple Lie groups

[edit] References

• L. Bianchi, Sugli spazii a tre dimensioni che ammettono un gruppo continuo di movimenti. (On the spaces of three dimensions that admit a continuous group of movements.) Soc. Ital. Sci. Mem. di Mat. 11, 267 (1898) English translation
• Guido Fubini Sugli spazi a quattro dimensioni che ammettono un gruppo continuo di movimenti, (On the spaces of four dimensions that admit a continuous group of movements.) Ann. Mat. pura appli. (3) 9, 33-90 (1904); reprinted in Opere Scelte, a cura dell'Unione matematica italiana e col contributo del Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Roma Edizioni Cremonese, 1957-62
• MacCallum, On the classification of the real four-dimensional Lie algebras, in "On Einstein's path: essays in honor of Engelbert Schucking" edited by A. L. Harvey , Springer ISBN 0-387-98564-6
• Robert T. Jantzen, Bianchi classification of 3-geometries: original papers in translation