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The Bishopric of Reval (Low German: Bisdom Reval; Latin: Episcopatus Revaliensis) was a bishopric in Danish Estonia, 1219 - 1346, and in The Monastic State of Livonian Order, 1346 - 1560; the independent bishopric since June 29, 1560 until June 6, 1561.
[edit] History
Livonia was a confederation of numerous elements; decisions made by the Landtag depended on consensus which made the implementation of reforms rather difficult. Ecclesiastically, The Bishopric of Reval continued to be under the Archbishop of Lund (Denmark), as Estland technically was only temporarily Livonian. Due to the opposition by some of the Livonian Order and in wanting to remain neutral, Gustav I of Sweden refused any appeals Gotthard Kettler made to him or his sons, Eric XIV of Sweden and John III of Sweden. But in the spring of 1560, Gustavus decided to become active and offered money and mediation in the war between Muscovy and Livonia. Although by that time Kettler no longer wanted Sweden's help and insisted that their offers came too late, afraid that they would lose help from The Kingdom of Poland. Moritz von Wrangel, the Bishop of Reval, saw the advantage of Ivan IV the Terrible and quickly resigned his office to Magnus in June 29, 1560. Soon after this happened Grand Master Gotthard Kettler decided to make Magnus an ally and met him at Pernau in August. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor once again asked for Gustavus' help and Poland also began direct negotiations with Gustavus, but nothing resulted because on September 29, 1560, Gustavus I Vasa died. The chances for success of Magnus and his supporters looked particularly good in 1560 (and 1570). In the former case he had been recognised as their sovereign by The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and The Bishopric of Courland, and as their prospective ruler by the authorities of The Bishopric of Dorpat; the Bishop of Reval and chapter together with the Harrien-Wierland gentry were on his side; Livonian Order conditionally recognised his right of ownership of Estland (Principality of Estland). Then along with Archbishop Wilhelm von Brandenburg of The Archbishopric of Riga and his Coadjutor Christoph of Mecklenburg, Kettler gave to Magnus the portions of The Kingdom of Livonia, which he had taken possession of, but they refused to give him any more land. Once Erik XIV became king he took quick actions to get involved in the war. He negotiated a continued peace with Muscovy and spoke to the burghers of Reval city. He offered them goods to submit to him as well as threatening them. By June 6, 1561 they submitted to him contrary to the persuasions of Kettler to the burghers. In 1561 the city of Reval politically became a dominion of Sweden. After Sweden occupied Reval, Frederick II of Denmark made a treaty with Erik XIV of Sweden in August 1561.
[edit] Subsequent
King Erik's brother Johan married the Polish princess Catherine Jagiellon. Wanting to obtain his own land in Livonia, he loaned Poland money and then claimed the castles they had pawned as his own instead of using them to pressure Poland. After Johan returned to Finland, Erik XIV forbade him to deal with any foreign countries without his consent. Shortly after that Erik XIV started acting quickly lost any allies he was about to obtain, either from Magnus or the Archbishop of Riga.
[edit] Bishops
[edit] Kingdom of Denmark
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- Wesselin (1219-1227)
- Thorkill (1238/40-1260)
- Thrugot (1260/63-1279)
- Johannes (1280-1294)
- Heinrich, OFM (1298-1318)
- Olav von Roskilde, OFM (1323-1350)
[edit] Livonian Brothers of the Sword
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- Ludwig von Münster alias Ludovicus de Monasterio (1352-1389)
- Johannes Rekeling (1390-1403)
- Dietrich Theodor Tolke (1403-1405)
- Johannes von Aken-Achmann (Ochmann) (1405-1418)
- Arnold Stoltevoet (1418-1419)
- Heinrich Uexküll (1419-1456)
- Everhard Kalle (Call) (1457-1475)
- Iwan Stoltevoet (1475-1477)
- Simon von der Borch (1477-1492)
- Nikolaus Roddendorp (1493-1509)
- Gottschalk Hagen (1509-1513)
- Christian Czernekow (1513-1514)
- Johannes Blankenfeld (1514-1524) (also the Bischof von Dorpat and Erzbischof von Riga)
- Georg von Tiesenhausen (1525-1530)
- Johannes Roterd (1531-1536)
- Arnold Annebat (1536-1551)
- Friedrich von Ampten (1551-1557)
- Moritz (Mauritius) von Wrangel (1558-1560)
[edit] Independent
[edit] Principality of Estland
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[edit] See also
[edit] External links
