Bitter vetch
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| Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. |
The Bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) is an ancient grain legume crop of the Mediterranean region. Besides the English name, other common names include: kersannah (Arabic), yero (Spanish), rovi (Greek), and burcak (Turkish).[1] The nutritional value of the grain for ruminant production has guaranteed the continued cultivation of V. ervilia in Morocco, Spain and Turkey. The crop is easy to cultivate and harvest and can be grown on very shallow, alkaline soils.
Bitter vetch grain when split resembles red lentils. For human consumption the bitterness of the seeds needs to be removed through leaching by several changes of boiling water. Due to this bitterness, it unlikely that someone would accidentally confuse bitter vetch with red lentils.[2] According to Zohary and Hopf, humans only consume this crop of the poorest economic classes, or in times of famine;[3] however, Pliny the Elder states that bitter vetch (ervum) has medicinal value like vetch (vicia), citing the letters of Augustus where the Emperor wrote that he regained his health from a diet of bitter vetch (N.H. 18.38). As a method of torture, citizens of Jerusalem stuffed bitter vetch into the genital passages of their victims during the Roman siege of that city in 66 A.C.E. (J.W. V,428).
The grain is an excellent sheep and cattle feed concentrate. It has been held in high esteem by farmers in the Old World since the beginning of agriculture to improve the nutritional value of bulk feeds.[4]
The wild strains of bitter vetch are limited to an area that includes Anatolia and northern Iraq, with an extension south along the Anti-Lebanon Mountains of Lebanon. Traces of the earliest domesticated instances were recovered from several archeological sites in Turkey, which have an uncorrected Radiocarbon dating of the 7th and 6th millenia BC.[5]
[edit] References
- ^ L.L. Bellido, "Grain legumes for animal feed" in Neglected crops: 1492 from a different perspective, J.E. Bermejo and J. Leon, editors; Plant Production and Protection Series, No. 26 (Rome: FAO), pp. 273-288
- ^ Enneking & Francis (1997) "Development of Vicia ervilia as a grain crop for Southern Australia"
- ^ Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of Plants in the Old World, third edition (Oxford: University Press, 2000), p. 116.
- ^ Enneking & Francis, "Development"
- ^ Zohary and Hopf, Domestication, p. 116.
