Blue-winged Warbler

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Blue-winged Warbler
Conservation status
Least Concern
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae Genus: Vermivora Species: V. pinus
Binomial name
Vermivora pinus (Linnaeus, 1766)

The Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora pinus, is a New World warbler, 11.5 cm long and weighing 8.5 g.. It breeds in eastern North America in southern Ontario and the eastern USA. Its range is extending northwards, where it is replacing the very closely related Golden-winged Warbler, Vermivora chrysoptera.

It is migratory, wintering in southern Central America. It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe, with one bird wandering to Ireland.

Contents 1 Life history 2 Reference 3 External links 4 Further reading 4.1 Book 4.2 Thesis 4.3 Articles

[edit] Life history

The breeding male Blue-winged Warbler is unmistakable. It is yellow above and below. The wings are gray with two white bars, and there is a black eye stripe. Females are duller, but otherwise similar.

The breeding habitat is open scrubby areas. Blue-winged Warblers nest on the ground or low in a bush, laying 4-7 eggs in a cup nest.

These birds feed on insects, and spiders.

The song is a series of buzzing notes. The call is a sharp chip.

This species forms two distinctive hybrids with Golden-winged Warbler. The commoner, genetically dominant Brewster's Warbler is gray above and whitish (male) or yellow (female) below. It has a black eye stripe and two white wing bars.

The rarer recessive Lawrence's Warbler has a male plumage which is green and yellow above and yellow below, with white wing bars and the same face pattern as male Golden-winged. The female is gray above and whitish below with two yellow wing bars and the same face pattern as female Golden-winged.

[edit] Reference

• BirdLife International (2004). Vermivora pinus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

• New World Warblers by Curson, Quinn and Beadle, ISBN 0-7136-3932-6

[edit] External links

• Blue-winged Warbler - Vermivora pinus - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Blue-winged Warbler Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Blue-winged Warbler Information - South Dakota Birds and Birding

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Book

• Gill, F. B., R. A. Canterbury, and J. L. Confer. 2001. Blue-winged Warbler (Vermivora pinus). In The Birds of North America, No. 584 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

[edit] Thesis

• Kahl, Katherine Jane, M.S., (2003) Effects of landscape change on golden-winged and blue-winged warblers in Michigan. Michigan State University, 41 pages.

• Highsmith, R. Tod, Ph.D., (1989) Function, form, and recognition of the songs of golden-winged warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) and blue-winged (V. pinus) warblers. University of Massachusetts Amherst, 186 pages.

• WILL, THOMAS CHARLES, Ph.D., (1986) THE BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY OF SPECIES REPLACEMENT: BLUE-WINGED AND GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLERS IN MICHIGAN. University of Michigan, 139 pages.

[edit] Articles

• Annand EM & Thompson FR, III. (1997). Forest bird response to regeneration practices in central hardwood forests. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 61, no 1. p. 159-171.

• Bannon P. (1986). Brewster's Warbler Vermivora-Chrysoptera X Vermivora-Pinus Backcross Breeding In Huntingdon County Quebec Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 100, no 1. p. 118-119.

• Burhans DE & Thompson FR, III. (2006). Songbird abundance and parasitism differ between urban and rural shrublands. Ecological Applications. vol 16, no 1. p. 394-405.

• Carpentier AG. (1983). Presumed Breeding Record Of Brewsters X Brewsters Warbler Vermivora-Chrysoptera-X-Vermivora-Pinus In Ontario Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 97, no 4. p. 458-459.

• Coker, Dan R, Confer, John L. (1990) Brown-Headed Cowbird Parasitism on Golden-Winged and Blue-Winged Warblers. The Wilson Bulletin. Vol 102, no 3. p. 550

• Confer JL & Knapp K. (1981). Golden-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Chrysoptera And Blue-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Pinus The Relative Success Of A Habitat Specialist And A Generalist. Auk. vol 98, no 1. p. 108-114.

• Confer JL, Jeffery L Larkin. (1998) Behavioral interactions between Golden-winged and Blue-winged Warblers. The Auk. Vol 115, no 1. p. 209 (6 pages)

• Confer JL, Larkin JL & Allen PE. (2003). Effects of vegetation, interspecific competition, and brood parasitism on Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) nesting success. Auk. vol 120, no 1. p. 138-144.

• Confer JL, Shelagh K Tupper. (2000) A reassessment of the status of Golden-winged and Blue-winged Warblers in the Husdon Highlands of southern New York. The Wilson Bulletin. Vol 112, no 4. p. 544 (3 pages)

• Crook JR. (1984). Song Variation And Species Discrimination In Blue-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Pinus. Wilson Bulletin. vol 96, no 1. p. 91-99.

• Dabrowski A, Fraser R, Confer JL & Lovette IJ. (2005). Geographic variability in mitochondrial introgression among hybridizing populations of Golden-winged (Vermivora chrysoptera) and Blue-winged (V-pinus) Warblers. Conservation Genetics. vol 6, no 5. p. 843-853.

• Elliott PF. (1999). Killing of host nestlings by the Brown-headed Cowbird. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 70, no 1. p. 55-57.

• Ewert DN. (1981). The Occurrence Of Closely Related Species Pairs In Central Michigan Usa Willow Flycatchers Empidonax-Traillii And Alder Flycatchers Empidonax-Alnorum And Golden-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Chrysoptera And Blue-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Pinus. Jack Pine Warbler. vol 59, no 3. p. 95-98.

• Fink AD, Thompson FR, III & Tudor AA. (2006). Songbird use of regenerating forest, glade, and edge habitat types. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 70, no 1. p. 180-188.

• Gill FB. (1980). Historical Aspects Of Hybridization Between Blue-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Pinus And Golden-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Chrysoptera. Auk. vol 97, no 1. p. 1-18.

• Gill FB. (1992a). Blue-winged warbler Vermivora pinus. Brauning, D. vol W, p. Atlas of breeding birds in Pennsylvania.

• Gill FB. (1992b). Brewster's and Lawrence's warblers Vermivora pinus X chrysoptera. Brauning, D. vol W, p. Atlas of breeding birds in Pennsylvania.

• Gill FB. (1997). Local cytonuclear extinction of the golden-winged warbler. Evolution. vol 51, no 2. p. 519-525.

• Gill FB. (2004). Blue-Winged Warblers (Vermivora pinus) versus Golden-Winged Warblers (V. chrysoptera). Auk. vol 121, no 4. p. 1014-1018.

• Gill FB, Canterbury RA & Confer JL. (2001). Blue-winged warbler. Birds of North America. vol 584, p. 1-23.

• Hamel P & Wright LM. (1979). Lawrences Warbler Vermivora-Chrysoptera-X-Vermivora-Pinus At Francis-Beidler Forest 1st Sight Record For South-Carolina Usa. Chat. vol 43, no 3. p. 66-67.

• Herriot T. (1988). Blue-Winged Warbler In Regina Saskatchewan Canada. Blue Jay. vol 46, no 2. p. 88-89.

• Hobson KA. (1988). First Record Of The Blue-Winged Warbler In Manitoba Canada. Blue Jay. vol 46, no 2. p. 86-87.

• James FC, McCulloch CE & Wiedenfeld DA. (1996). New approaches to the analysis of population trends in land birds. Ecology. vol 77, no 1. p. 13-27.

• Koonce AE. (2005). The role of juvenile dispersal in the replacement of golden-winged warblers by blue-winged warblers. Natural Resource Modeling. vol 18, no 4. p. 537-547.

• Kroodsma DE. (1981). Geographical Variation And Functions Of Song Types In Warblers Parulidae. Auk. vol 98, no 4. p. 743-751.

• Kroodsma DE, Meservey WR, Whitlock AL & Vanderhaegen WM. (1984). Blue-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Pinus Recognize Dialects In Type Ii But Not Type I Songs. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol 15, no 2. p. 127-132.

• Lanyon WE. (1981). Breeding Birds And Old Field Succession On Fallow Long Island New-York Usa Farmland. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. vol 168, no 1. p. 1-60.

• Leichty ER & Grier JW. (2006). Importance of facial pattern to sexual selection in golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera). Auk. vol 123, no 4. p. 962-966.

• Pranty B, Hince T & Berney M. (2005). First verifiable records of Blue-winged Warbler and Magnolia Warbler wintering in Florida. Florida Field Naturalist. vol 33, no 1. p. 17-19.

• Rayner WJ. (1988). Male Golden-Winged Warbler Attends Blue-Winged Warbler Nest. Ontario Birds. vol 6, no 3. p. 106-107.

• Robinson WD & Robinson SK. (1999). Effects of selective logging on forest bird populations in a fragmented landscape. Conservation Biology. vol 13, no 1. p. 58-66.

• Rodewald AD & Vitz AC. (2005). Edge- and area-sensitivity of shrubland birds. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 69, no 2. p. 681-688.

• Shapiro, Leo H, Ronald A Canterbury, Dollie M Stover, Robert C Fleischer. (2004) RECIPROCAL INTROGRESSION BETWEEN GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLERS (VERMIVORA CHRYSOPTERA) AND BLUE-WINGED WARBLERS (V. PINUS) IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Auk. Vol 121, no 4. p. 1019 (12 pages)

• Stenzler LM, Fraser R & Lovette IJ. (2004). Isolation and characterization of 12 microsatellite loci from Golden-winged Warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) with broad cross-taxon utility in emberizine songbirds. Molecular Ecology Notes. vol 4, no 4. p. 602-604.

• Svingen D & Martin RE. (2005). Second report of the North Dakota bird records committee: 2002-2003. Prairie Naturalist. vol 37, no 4. p. 205-223.

• Wood DS & Adams RJJ. (1985). First Central American Recovery Of Blue-Winged Warbler Vermivora-Pinus. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 56, no 4. p. 424-425.