Broadcast translator
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In broadcasting, a translator is an FM radio station or a TV station which acts as a full-duplex repeater. Just as a verbal translator (person) listens in one language and speaks in another, a broadcast translator receives a signal from one channel and transmits it again, usually on another channel or other frequency assignment, extending the range of the original signals into areas that cannot receive them otherwise. This is common in Australia and the Americas, especially in the United States, and in the mountains.
For example, in Canberra, Australia, the main television transmitter is on Black Mountain in the centre of the city. To the south is the Lanyon Valley. TV signals are not able to be received by those there because of the hills. A translator was installed on top of Tuggeranong Hill so that the signal could be received from Black Mountain and then repeated into the valley. Similarly, KQED-FM in San Francisco, California, United States transmits on 88.5 MHz with its large main transmitter. Smaller transmitters, known as FM translators repeat the signal on 88.1 MHz in Martinez and Benicia and on 88.3 MHz in Santa Rosa.
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[edit] Rules
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The basic FCC regulations on translators are:
- No station may be translated to another band (i.e. from AM to FM) with an exception given if the station is to be located in a "white area" where no full power AM nor FM stations exist.
- No translator or booster may transmit anything other than the live simulcast of its licensed parent station, except for emergency warnings (such as EAS), and 30 seconds per hour for fundraising.
- The parent station must identify all of its translators and boosters twice between 7 a.m. and 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. and 5 p.m. each broadcast day at approximately one hour intervals during each time period; or each must be equipped with its own automated hourly ID device (audio or FSK).
- Maximum power is 250 watts ERP for a translator, and 20% of the parent station's power for a booster.
- It must go off the air if the parent station's signal is lost, to prevent dead air.
Commercial stations may not own their translators (except for boosters), or be translated outside of the parent station's area (they can only fill in where terrain blocks the signal). Thus, they operate by picking the signal of the main station off the air with a directional antenna and sensitive receiver and directly retransmitting the signal. They also may not transmit in the FM reserved band from 88 to 92 MHz, where only noncommercial stations are allowed. Noncommercial stations may broadcast in the commercial band, however. Unlike commercial stations, they can also relay programming to translators via satellite, so long as those translators are in the reserved band. All stations may use any means to feed boosters.
All U.S. translator and booster stations are low-power and have a class D license, making them secondary to other stations (including the parent). They must accept any interference from full-power (100-watt or more on FM) stations, while not causing any of their own. Boosters must not interfere with the parent station within the community of license. Licenses are automatically renewed with that of the parent station and do not require separate applications, though each may still be challenged with a petition to deny.
Unlike FM, LPTV stations may operate as either translators or originate their own programming.
[edit] Boosters
Translators which broadcast within or very near the parent station's coverage area (a "fill-in") on the same channel or frequency are called booster stations. However, this can be tricky because it is possible to have both stations interfering with each other unless they are carefully designed. Interference can also be avoided by using exact atomic time obtained from GPS satellites to perfectly synchronise co-channel broadcast stations, as in a single-frequency network (SFN).
TV stations cannot have same-channel boosters (unless opposite polarisation is used) due to video synchronization issues such as ghosting. In North America AM stations do not have translators or boosters, though they are actually easier to create an SFN with.
[edit] Callsigns
Translator stations in the U.S. are given callsigns which begin with a W or K (respectively east or west of the Mississippi River, as with regular stations), followed by a channel number, and two serial letters for each channel. (The first station on that channel is AA, AB, AC, and so on.) Television channels are always two-digit, from 02 to 69; while FM radio channels are from 201 (88.1 MHz) to 300 (107.9 MHz), one every 0.2 MHz. (Example: W42BD, K263AF.) FM booster stations are given the full callsign (always including an -FM suffix, even if there is none assigned) of the parent station, plus a serial number, such as WXYZ-FM1, WXYZ-FM2, etc. LPTV stations may also choose a regular four-letter callsign with an -LP suffix, generally done only if the station originates programming.
In Canada and Mexico, all translator and booster stations (called rebroadcasters in Canadian English) are given the callsign of the parent station plus a serial number, such as XHABC and XHABC1, XHABC2, or CFON and CFON1, CFON2, etcetera, with no suffix. Some low-power boosters have the call-sign format of CH1234.
[edit] Controversy
Some feel that the FCC has allowed certain noncommercial broadcasters to seriously abuse FM repeaters by allowing satellite-delivered programming hundreds or even thousands of miles outside the parent station's coverage area. Some religious outlets - such as Calvary Chapel's KAWZ-Twin Falls, Idaho or Family Radio's KEAR-FM-Sacramento - are relayed by hundreds of FM "translator" stations across the U.S. This often angers those who then cannot get even one LPFM station on the air because of translators eliminating any available channels in an area. As these parent stations are owned by non-profit organizations, they are not required to have their translators receive their signal over the air, as would be required for a commercial broadcaster. Many feel that this is a major abuse of process.
An FCC licensing window for new translator applications in 2003 resulted in over 12,000 applications being filed [1] - most of them coming from religious broadcasters - has become known to LPFM advocates as the Great Translator Invasion. [2][3]
[edit] International terminology
Outside of North America the term "translator" is rarely used. Instead such facilities can be referred to variously as "relay stations" (or relays), "transposers", "repeaters", "deflectors", "boosters", "low power transmitters" "fill-in stations" "gap fillers" "secondary (or ancillary) transmitters" "rebeamers" or "beambenders".
