Bulbul
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 Light-vented Bulbul, Pycnonotus sinensis
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Bulbuls (Pycnonotidae) (Persian: بلبل) are a family of medium-sized passerine songbirds resident in Africa and tropical Asia. There are about 130 species.
These are mostly frugivorous birds. Some are colorful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throat or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive brown to black plumage. Some have very distinct crests.
Many of these species inhabit tree tops, while some are restricted to the undergrowth. Up to five purple-pink eggs are laid in an open tree nests and incubated by the female.
The Red-whiskered Bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus, has been widely introduced to tropical and subtropical areas, for example southern Florida, USA.
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[edit] Systematics
The traditional layout was to divide the bulbuls into 4 groups, named Pycnonotus, Phyllastrephus, Criniger, and Chlorocichla groups after characteristic genera (Delacour, 1943). However, more recent analyses demonstrated that this arrangement was probably based on erroneous interpretation of characters:
Comparison of mtDNA cytochrome b sequences found that five species of Phyllastrephus did not belong to the bulbuls, but to an enigmatic group of songbirds from Madagascar instead (Cibois et al., 2001; see below for the species in question). Similarly, sequence analysis of the nDNA RAG1 and RAG2 genes suggests that the genus Nicator is not a bulbul either (Beresford et al., 2005). That the previous arrangement had failed to take into account biogeography was indicated by the study of Pasquet et al. (2001) who demonstrated the genus Criniger must be divided into an African and an Asian (Alophoixus) lineage. Using analysis of one nDNA and 2 mtDNA sequences, Moyle & Marks (2006) found one largely Asian lineage and one African group of genera; the Golden Greenbul seemes to be very distinct and form a group of its own. Some taxa are not monophyletic, and more research is necessary to determine relationships within the larger genera.
FAMILY PYCNONOTIDAE
- Genus Pycnonotus (paraphyletic)
- "Ancient" Asian bulbuls
- Black-headed Bulbul, Pycnonotus atriceps
- Stripe-throated Bulbul, Pycnonotus finlaysoni
- Red-whiskered Bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus
- Brown-breasted Bulbul, Pycnonotus xanthorrhous
- Puff-backed Bulbul, Pycnonotus eutilotus
- Black-and-white Bulbul, Pycnonotus melanoleucus
- Pycnonotus proper
- Black-crested Bulbul, Pycnonotus melanicterus
- Grey-bellied Bulbul, Pycnonotus cyaniventris
- Spectacled Bulbul, Pycnonotus erythropthalmos
- Straw-headed Bulbul, Pycnonotus zeylanicus
- Red-eyed Bulbul, Pycnonotus brunneus
- Olive-winged Bulbul, Pycnonotus plumosus
- Yellow-vented Bulbul, Pycnonotus goiavier
- Black-fronted Bulbul, Pycnonotus nigricans
- White-cheeked Bulbul, Pycnonotus leucogenys
- Disputed
- Common Bulbul, Pycnonotus barbatus
- Unassigned
- Striated Bulbul, Pycnonotus striatus
- Cream-striped Bulbul, Pycnonotus leucogrammicus
- Spot-necked Bulbul, Pycnonotus tympanistrigus
- Grey-headed Bulbul, Pycnonotus priocephalus
- Styan's Bulbul, Pycnonotus taivanus
- Scaly-breasted Bulbul, Pycnonotus squamatus
- Light-vented Bulbul, Pycnonotus sinensis
- Cape Bulbul, Pycnonotus capensis
- White-spectacled Bulbul, Pycnonotus xanthopygos
- White-eared Bulbul, Pycnonotus leucotis
- Red-vented Bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer
- Sooty-headed Bulbul, Pycnonotus aurigaster
- Blue-wattled Bulbul, Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii (disputed)
- Yellow-wattled Bulbul, Pycnonotus urostictus
- Orange-spotted Bulbul, Pycnonotus bimaculatus
- Yellow-throated Bulbul, Pycnonotus xantholaemus
- Yellow-eared Bulbul, Pycnonotus penicillatus
- Flavescent Bulbul, Pycnonotus flavescens
- White-browed Bulbul, Pycnonotus luteolus
- Streak-eared Bulbul, Pycnonotus blanfordi
- Cream-vented Bulbul, Pycnonotus simplex
- Genus Spizixos
- Crested Finchbill, Spizixos canifrons
- Collared Finchbill, Spizixos semitorques
- Genus Tricholestes
- Hairy-backed Bulbul, Tricholestes criniger
- Genus Setornis
- Hook-billed Bulbul, Setornis criniger
- Genus Alophoixus - formerly included in Criniger, possibly polyphyletic
- Finsch's Bulbul, Alophoixus finschii
- White-throated Bulbul, Alophoixus flaveolus
- Puff-throated Bulbul, Alophoixus pallidus
- Ochraceous Bulbul, Alophoixus ochraceus
- Gray-cheeked Bulbul, Alophoixus bres
- Yellow-bellied Bulbul, Alophoixus phaeocephalus
- Golden Bulbul, Alophoixus affinis
- Genus Iole
- Olive Bulbul, Iole virescens
- Grey-eyed Bulbul, Iole propinqua
- Buff-vented Bulbul, Iole olivacea
- Yellow-browed Bulbul, Iole indica
- Genus Hemixos
- Ashy Bulbul, Hemixos flavala
- Chestnut Bulbul, Hemixos castanonotus
- Genus Ixos (paraphyletic)
- Close to Hemixos
- Streaked Bulbul, Ixos malaccensis
- Unassigned
- Sulphur-bellied Bulbul, Ixos palawanensis - Hypsipetes?
- Streak-breasted Bulbul, Ixos siquijorensis - Hypsipetes?
- Yellowish Bulbul, Ixos everetti
- Zamboanga Bulbul, Ixos rufigularis
- Mountain Bulbul, Ixos mcclellandii
- Sunda Bulbul, Ixos virescens
- Genus Microscelis
- Brown-eared Bulbul, Microscelis amaurotis (sometimes included in Ixos)
- Genus Hypsipetes
- Philippine Bulbul, Hypsipetes philippinus - formerly in Ixos
- Madagascar Bulbul, Hypsipetes madagascariensis
- Black Bulbul, Hypsipetes leucocephalus
- Seychelles Bulbul, Hypsipetes crassirostris
- Comoro Bulbul, Hypsipetes parvirostris
- Reunion Bulbul, Hypsipetes borbonicus
- Mauritius Bulbul, Hypsipetes olivaceus
- Nicobar Bulbul, Hypsipetes virescens
- White-headed Bulbul, Hypsipetes thompsoni
- Genus Calyptocichla
- Golden Greenbul, Calyptocichla serina
- Genus Phyllastrephus
- Leaf-love Greenbul, Phyllastrephus scandens
- Cabanis' Greenbul, Phyllastrephus cabanisi
- Fischer's Greenbul, Phyllastrephus fischeri
- Placid Greenbul, Phyllastrephus placidus
- Terrestrial Brownbul, Phyllastrephus terrestris
- Northern Brownbul, Phyllastrephus strepitans
- Pale-olive Greenbul, Phyllastrephus fulviventris
- Gray-olive Greenbul, Phyllastrephus cerviniventris
- Baumann's Greenbul, Phyllastrephus baumanni
- Toro Olive Greenbul, Phyllastrephus hypochloris
- Cameroon Olive Greenbul, Phyllastrephus poensis
- Sassi's Greenbul, Phyllastrephus lorenzi
- Yellow-streaked Bulbul, Phyllastrephus flavostriatus
- Grey-headed Greenbul, Phyllastrephus poliocephalus
- Tiny Greenbul, Phyllastrephus debilis
- White-throated Greenbul, Phyllastrephus albigularis
- Icterine Greenbul, Phyllastrephus icterinus
- Liberian Greenbul, Phyllastrephus leucolepis
- Xavier's Greenbul, Phyllastrephus xavieri
- Genus Andropadus (possibly polyphyletic)
- Cameroon Mountain Greenbul, Andropadus montanus
- Shelley's Greenbul, Andropadus masukuensis
- Little Greenbul, Andropadus virens
- Grey Greenbul, Andropadus gracilis
- Ansorge's Greenbul, Andropadus ansorgei
- Plain Greenbul, Andropadus curvirostris
- Slender-billed Greenbul, Andropadus gracilirostris
- Sombre Greenbul, Andropadus importunus
- Yellow-whiskered Bulbul, Andropadus latirostris
- Western Mountain Greenbul, Andropadus tephrolaemus
- Eastern Mountain Greenbul, Andropadus nigriceps
- Stripe-cheeked Bulbul, Andropadus milanjensis
- Genus Criniger
- Eastern Bearded Greenbul, Criniger chloronotus
- Western Bearded Greenbul, Criniger barbatus
- White-bearded Greenbul, Criniger ndussumensis
- Red-tailed Greenbul, Criniger calurus
- Yellow-bearded Greenbul, Criniger olivaceus
- Genus Thescelocichla
- Swamp Greenbul, Thescelocichla leucopleura
- Genus Chlorocichla
- Simple Greenbul, Chlorocichla simplex
- Yellow-throated Greenbul, Chlorocichla flavicollis
- Yellow-necked Greenbul, Chlorocichla falkensteini
- Yellow-bellied Greenbul, Chlorocichla flaviventris
- Joyful Greenbul, Chlorocichla laetissima
- Prigogine's Greenbul, Chlorocichla prigoginei
- Genus Ixonotus (pending confirmation of placement)
- Spotted Greenbul, Ixonotus guttatus
- Genus Baeopogon
- Honeyguide Greenbul, Baeopogon indicator
- Sjostedt's Greenbul, Baeopogon clamans
- Genus Bleda
- Common Bristlebill, Bleda syndactyla
- Green-tailed Bristlebill, Bleda eximia
- Grey-headed Bristlebill, Bleda canicapilla
- Genus Neolestes
- Black-collared Bulbul, Neolestes torquatus
The last genus might be allied to Calyptocichla or not be a bulbul at all.
[edit] Taxa until recently included in the Pycnonotidae
- Genus Bernieria
- Long-billed Greenbul, Bernieria madagascariensis
- Genus Xanthomixis (possibly polyphyletic)
- Spectacled Greenbul, Xanthomixis zosterops
- Appert's Greenbul, Xanthomixis apperti
- Dusky Greenbul, Xanthomixis tenebrosus
- Gray-crowned Greenbul, Xanthomixis cinereiceps
- Genus Nicator
- Yellow-spotted Nicator, Nicator chloris
- Eastern Nicator, Nicator gularis
- Yellow-throated Nicator, Nicator vireo
The first two belong to the "Malagasy warblers"; the affiliations of Nicator are unknown at present.
[edit] References
- Beresford, P.; Barker, F.K.; Ryan, P.G. & Crowe, T.M. (2005): African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 272(1565): 849–858. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2004.2997 PDF fulltext Electronic appendix
- Cibois, Alice; Slikas, Beth; Shulenberg, Thomas S. & Pasquet, Eric (2001): An endemic radiation of Malagasy songbirds is revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Evolution 55(6): 1198-1206. DOI:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2 PDF fulltext
- Delacour, J. (1943): A revision of the genera and species of the family Pycnonotidae (bulbuls). Zoologica 28(1): 17-28.
- Moyle, Robert G. & Marks, Ben D. (2006): Phylogenetic relationships of the bulbuls (Aves: Pycnonotidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40(3): Pages 687-695. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.015 (HTML abstract)
- Pasquet, Éric; Han, Lian-Xian; Khobkhet, Obhas & Cibois, Alice (2001): Towards a molecular systematics of the genus Criniger, and a preliminary phylogeny of the bulbuls (Aves, Passeriformes, Pycnonotidae). Zoosystema 23(4): 857-863. PDF fulltext
[edit] External links
- Bulbul videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- BulBul Forum
