Busoga
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- This article is about the Basoga/Busoga people/tribe/kingdom. For the language, see Lusoga language.
Busoga is the kingdom of the 11 principalities of the Basoga people, one of the largest of the five traditional kingdoms in present-day Uganda. The kingdom's capital is located in Bugembe, which is near Jinja, the second largest city in Uganda. Busoga Kingdom is composed of five politically organised districts that include; Kamuli, Iganga, Bugiri, Mayuge and Jinja. The five districts are each headed by democratically elected chairpersons or Local Council Five, (L.C.5s) while the Municipality is headed by an elected mayor. Jinja is the industrial/economical hub of Busoga. Busoga is bounded on the north by the swampy Lake Kyoga which separates it from Lango, on the west by the Victoria Nile which separates it from Buganda, on the south by Lake Victoria which separates it from Tanzania and Kenya, and on the east by the Mpologoma (Lion) River, which separates it from various smaller tribal groups (Padhola, Bugwere, Bugisu, etc). Busoga also includes some islands in Lake Victoria, such as Buvuma Island.
Busoga Kingdom is a cultural institution that promotes popular participation and unity among the people of Busoga, through cultural and developmental programs for the improved livelihood of the people of Busoga. It strives for a united people of Busoga, who enjoy economic, social and cultural prosperity. It also continues to enhance, revamp and pave the way for an efficient institutional and management system for the Kyabazinga kingship.
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[edit] Demographics
The three million Basoga (2002 census) (singular Musoga; often referred to simply by the root word and adjective, Soga) make up one of the largest Ugandan ethnic (2nd or 3rd largest) group or tribe, although they represent only about 11 percent of the population.
The Basoga are peace-loving people who traditionally lived in small homesteads comprising of the father, mother, children and relatives. They also subscribed to large communities with similar traditional norms, culture and origin. These large families or communities are known as clans. And as long as they shared these, their sense freedom was complete. The Basoga, right from the traditional era are peace-loving people who live in harmony with each other and to-date they continue to extend it to visitors.
[edit] Meet the Kyabazinga
Title of Head of Busoga : His Royal Highness Isebantu Kyabazinga
Short Title : The Kyabazinga of Busoga
Busoga is ruled by the Isebantu Kyabazinga of Busoga. This name was a symbol of unity derived from the expression and recognition by the Basoga that their leader was the “father of all people who brings all of them together”, and who also serves as their cultural leader. The current Kyabazinga of Busoga is His Royal Highness Henry Wako Muloki, who was born in 1921.
In 1995, the government restored monarchies in Uganda with the promulgation of the new constitution of the Republic of Uganda; Article 246(1). On February 11, 1995, His Royal Highness Henry Wako Muloki was reinstated as Kyabazinga Isebantu of Busoga. He continues to serve to-date.
[edit] History of Busoga
[edit] Discovery of Busoga by explorers
Written history begins for Busoga in the year 1862. On the 28th July 1862, John Hanning Speke, an explorer for the Royal Geographical Society, arrived at Ripon Falls, near the site of the modern town of Jinja, where the Victoria Nile spills out of Lake Victoria and begins its descent to Egypt. Since Speke’s route inland from the East African coast had taken him around the southern end of the lake Victoria, he approached Busoga from the west through Buganda. Having reached his goal – the source of the Nile, he turned northward and followed the river downstream without further exploring Busoga. He records, however, being told that “Usoga” (the KiSwahili form of the name ‘Busoga’) was an “island”, which indicates that the term meant to surrounding peoples essentially what it means today. The present day Busoga Kingdom was, and still is, bounded on the north by the swampy Lake Kyoga, on the west by the Victoria Nile, on the south by Lake Victoria, and on the east by the Mpologoma (Lion) River.
[edit] The earliest inhabitants
Due to the continuous movements and intermingling of people within the Busoga region, the history of the Basoga is complex. It can be asserted, however, that the earliest inhabitants of Busoga belonged to the same Bantu group comprising the Banyoro and the Baganda. Their origins can therefore be traced, like other Bantu groups, to the Katanga region of Central Africa.
The earliest ancestors of this group were Kintu and others who came from Mountain Elgon in the east. He founded some families in Busoga before passing on to Buganda where he established the present day Buganda Kingdom. His temporary settlement in Busoga gave rise to various families that were later to form many of Busoga’s clans. Later on, it is believed that most people from Busoga, especially southern Busoga, were Baganda migrants who originally came from Buganda in the early 14th Century and overwhelmed the original inhabitants – most of who were Luo who came from the north and Iteso who came from the north-east. They then spread into other parts of Busoga.
Later on, there was a movement of the Babiito royalty from Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom. These early settlers are known as the Baisengobi. The Baisengobi penetrated Busoga through the Northern parts of Busoga and moved eastwards where they made a U-turn under the leadership of one of Bunyoro Kingdom’s sons, called Prince Mukama 'Namutukula' (the light skinned one) and settled in central and northern Busoga. Although the Biasengobi emerged around the 16th Century, well after the group from Buganda had settled in many parts of Busoga, they played a big role in the further formation and evolution of Busoga, as well as the cultural set up of the area. However, Buganda began to play an even bigger role later on, as Bunyoro became weaker.
The Basoga were organized into principalities or chiefdoms that were partly under the influence of Bunyoro and later under the partial influence of Buganda. In the early times, the death of a chief was first reported to the Mukama of Bunyoro who would send the funeral bark cloth and all the necessary requirements for the burial rites. On several occasions, he used to appoint the heir or send back the son of the deceased chief if the son happened, as was usually the case, to be at the Mukama's court in Bunyoro.
[edit] Early economic status
By independence in 1962, Busoga was one of the most powerful regions in Uganda. Its power lay in the regional capital, Jinja which is Uganda’s second largest City. Jinja was the home of 70% of Uganda’s industries and also hosted the Nalubaale Power Station (Owen Falls Dam) that supplies electricity to Uganda and parts of Kenya and Tanzania. Jinja was also the home of the majority of Uganda’s Asian population. The Ugandan Asians, who had been brought to Uganda from the Indian sub-continent by the British during colonial times, had helped to establish Jinja as one of East Africa’s most vibrant commercial centers.
Busoga experienced massive movement of people right from the early period that led to its construction as a nation. Several factors contributed to the trend of events. They included mainly factors ranging from famine and security for their lives and property. Today, these factors continue to affect and define the population mobility in the kingdom, in addition to the quest for employment and social amenities. The changes in the demographical trends have continued to witness a population influx in urban and peri-urban areas of Busoga kingdom for the above reasons. Towns like Jinja, Iganga, Kamuli, and their surrounding areas are some of the areas that continue to face high levels of immigration. Immigrants join town life in search for jobs, security for their lives and food.
Between the period 1920 and 70s, Jinja, Busoga’s capital city, experienced economic changes and gained in economic importance. During this period, it transformed into an industrial town with the stead high cotton production, the completion of Uganda Railway and Owen falls dam. These factors elevated Jinja into an agro-industrial centre pausing with over 46 factories, several cottage industries and well-developed infrastructure. These developments attracted people in the form of labour from the rural areas of Busoga to work in those factories, help in house keeping or in doing other urban development related activities. Externally, many people came from the neighbouring areas of Busoga. Among the new comers were families of Asian origin who came to do business. Estates like Mpumudde and Walukuba were developed to accommodate the increasing population. Other services like piped water, electricity, roads, hospitals and schools were also extended to serve the population.
But in villages the majority of people, with the assured market in towns, concentrated on agriculture. They grew both cash and food crops like cotton, coffee, bananas, potatoes and cassava, fruits and vegetables.
Their standards of living drastically improved and Busoga kingdom raised its revenue and constructed more infrastructures. It forgot about subsistence system of life and turned to real economic production that was in demand by Europeans.
In the pre-colonial era, people left their traditional lands. State structures disappeared. A number of clans and states decimated and peole migrated into Busoga in large numbers in this century, carrying with them the traditions and cultures of other lands. The most important causes of these movements were Marjory families and epidemics, which occurred within and the surrounding areas.
[edit] Early political status
About the turn of the 16th Century, an important event took place, which was to give the Basoga their peculiar cultural configuration. This was the advent of the Baisengobi clan; the light skinned people, who bear their historical discendancy from Bunyoro. Prince Mukama Namutukula from the royal family (Babiito) of Bunyoro is said to have left Bunyoro around the 16th Century and as part of Bunyoro’s expansionist policy and trekked eastwards across Lake Kyoga with his wife Nawudo, a handful of servants, arms and a dog, and landed at Iyingo, located at the northern point of Busoga in the present day Kamuli district.
Prince Mukama loved hunting and his adventures exposed him to the beauties of the new found land. For sometime he engaged himself in black smith, making hoes, iron utensils and spears. Prince Mukama and wife Nawudo bore several children of whom only five boys survived. On his departure back to Bunyo, [[Prince Mukama allocated them areas within his influence as overseers. In this way, the first-born Wakoli was given to oversee the area called Bukooli, Zibondo was to administer Bulamogi, Ngobi was given Kigulu, Tabingwa was to oversee Luuka, while the youngest son Kitimbo was to settle in Bugabula. These loosely allotted areas of supervision to the Prince’s sons were later to become major administrative and centers cultural authority in Busoga. With time passing without the expected return of their father, the five sons of Prince Mukama regarded themselves as the legitimate rulers over their respective areas by virtue of their family origin (Babiito). They continued to preside over their respective dominions; employing governing methods and cultural rituals like those from Bunyoro-Kitara. This state of affairs in Busoga's political and cultural arrangement continued till the late 19th century when the colonialists persuaded the rulers of Busoga into some form of federation. This federation resulted into a regional Busoga council called Busoga Lukiiko.
Before 1906, although it was often called a ‘Kingdom’, it was debatable whether Busoga could really be classified as such. Unlike its more powerful western neighbor, Buganda, Busoga did not have a central ‘all-powerful’ figurehead (King or Queen) until 1906, at the behest of the British colonial powers. Prior to this, the Basoga were organized in semi-autonomous chiefdoms, partly under the influence of Bunyoro initially, and then later on, under the partial influence of Buganda.
Before the coming of the British to Uganda, there was no uniting leadership in Busoga. When Uganda became a British protectorate, attempts were made to create a central form of administration on the model of Buganda which was a fully fledged Kingdom. The Buganda King – the Kabaka had lineage going back centuries. However, in Busoga some of the chiefs had been simply appointed by the Kabaka – and it is believed that in some cases they were descendants of favored Baganda chiefs who were given authority to rule over land in Busoga. Others simply belonged to powerful landowning families in Busoga that had become self-appointed rulers over vast areas. The British brought all these chiefs into an administrative structure called the Lukiiko. The British appointed a Muganda from Buganda, Semei Kakungulu as the President of the Lukiiko and he became Busoga’s first 'King' although the British refused to give him that title.
However wrangles amongst the different chiefs and clans continued, and most Basoga still retained affiliation to their chief, clan or dialect. It was also not helpful that the 'King' was from Buganda. The Lukiiko structure collapsed. The structure had however given the Basoga a taste of what influence they could muster in the protectorate if they had a King. It would elevate them to the level of Buganda or Bunyoro.
Meanwhile the white colonial ruler were grooming Chief Yosia Nadiope, the Gabula of [Bugabula to become the first permanent resident ruler of the formed Busoga federation. Nadiope had been one of the first Basoga students to study at Kings College Budo in 1906. However, catastrophe struck Busoga in 1913, when Nadiope died of malaria. The following year 1914, Chief Ezekeriel Tenywa Wako, the Zibondo of Bulamogi was completing his studies at Kings College Budo. With the support of the British coupled with his background as a Prince, Zibondo of Bulamogi, with his good educational background, was a suitable candidate for the top post. In 1919, the hereditary saza chiefs of Busoga resolved in the Lukiiko to elect Ezekerial Tenywa Wako as president of Busoga. Chief Gideon Obodha of Kigulu, a contending candidate for the post was not familiar with the British system, while William Wilberforce Nadiope Kadhumbula of Bugabula was still an infant. His regent Mwami Mutekanga was a mukoopi (a commoner) who couldn’t run for the post. Eventually, in 1918-9, the title of Isebantu Kyabazinga was created and one of the chiefs, Wako took the throne. He was given a salary of 550 pounds, permitted to collect taxes in Butembe county in lieu of the lost role in his traditional chiefdom of Bulamogi. In 1925, Ezekiel Tenywa Wako, the Kyabazinga of Busoga became a member of Uganda Kings Council, consisting of the Kabaka of Buganda, the Kyabazinga of Busoga, the Omukama of Bunyoro, Omukama of Toro/Omukama of Tooro and Omugabe of Ankole.
On 11 February 1939 Owekitibwa E.T.Wako (late father of the current Isebantu Kyabazinga wa Busoga, HRH Henry Waako Muloki), the Zibondo of Bulamogi was installed as the first Isebantu Kyabazinga wa Busoga which title he continued to hold until 1949 when he retired due to old age. By the time Owekitibwa E.T. Waako retired as the Isebantu Kyabazinga wa Busoga, the Busoga Lukiiko had expanded to include people other than the Hereditary Rulers. These members of the Busoga Lukiiko were elected representatives – two from each of the then 55 Sub-counties in Busoga.
When Owekitibwa E.T.Waako retired, it was necessary to replace him. The Busoga Lukiiko resolved then that the Isebantu Kyabazinga wa Busoga shall always be elected among the five lineages of Baise Ngobi (Ababiito) hereditary rulers – traditionally believed to have been the five sons of Omukama of Bunyoro who immigrated to Busoga from Bunyoro, namely:
Gabula of Bugabula Zibondo of Bulamogi Ngobi of Kigulu Tabingwa of Luuka Nkono of Bukono
This method of election was used for the subsequent elections of the Isebantu Kyabazinga wa Busoga, beginning 1949 when Owekitibwa Chief William Wilberforce Nadiope Kadhumbula of Bugabula was elected Isebantu Kyabazinga wa Busoga for two terms of three years each, followed by Owekitibwa Henry Waako Muloki who also served two terms.
In 1957, the title Inhebantu was introduced as a description of the wife of the Isebantu. This epitomised the gradual unification of Busoga and the evolution of Obwa Kyabazinga bwa Busoga.
When monarchies were abolished in 1966, the Kyabazinga was dethroned. When the dictator Idi Amin expelled the Asians from Uganda in 1972, Jinja suffered both socially and economically. The government of Yoweri Museveni has tried to encourage Ugandan Asians to return but this has not revitalized Busoga top its former glory. Jinja is a shadow of its former self and is these days a sleepy city with shells of old crumbling factories. However the Asian influence remains, particularly in the architecture and street names.
In 1995, the government restored monarchies in Uganda with the promulgation of the new constitution of the Republic of Uganda; Article 246(1). On February 11, 1995, H.R.H Henry Wako Muloki was reinstated as Kyabazinga Isebantu of Busoga, according to the recognisable Kisoga traditions and cultures. He continues to serve to-date. Unlike most monarchies, the Kyabazinga has no heir or Crown Prince. Instead, the Kyabazinga is succeeded by a reigning chief elected by the Lukiiko and the Royal Council. This is often a source of controversy amongst the Basoga. Thus in 1939, Busoga created and started its own cultural leader, the Isebantu Kyabazinga wa Busoga, and the Ugandan Constitution of 1995 recognises the institution as provided for in Article 246 (1).
[edit] Past demographics
In the 19th Century, one of the principle routes along which Europeans travelled from the coast to Buganda passed through the Southern pot of Busoga. From John Speke and James Grant, Sir Gerald Portal, F.D Lugard, J.R. Macdonald, and Bishop Tucket all noted that Busoga was plentifully supplied with food and was densely settled as a result. However, between 1898 - 99 and 1900-01, the first indications of sleeping sickeness were reported.
In 1906, orders were issued to evacuate the region. Despite the attemps to clear the area, the epidemic continued in force until 1910. As a result, most of the densely populated port of Busoga, the home land of over 200,000 persons in the 19th Century, was totally cleared of the population in the ten years. Lubas palace at Bukaleba, also the coveted European fruit mission, collapsed and relocated to other parts of Busoga. Southern Busoga constituted of about one third of the land area of Busoga, and, in 1910, southern Busoga was vacant. In the 1920s and 1930s, some of the evacuees who survived the epidemic began to return to their original land. However, in 1940 a new outbreak of sleeping sickness resurfaced in the area, and it was only in 1956 that resettlement, promoted by the government began again, but things were not going to be the same again. Few Basoga returned to their traditional lands.
The consequences of the catastrophe were that the Southern part of Busoga, the area roughly corresponding to what Johnston delimited as the most densely populated area, was virtually uninhabited. Other areas originally affected by sleeping sickness, including the eastern margins of Bukooli and Busiki conties were evidently depopulated too. Famines, too, resulted in substantial population movements. Several areas in north east Busoga and in the adjacent Bukandi district across the Mpologoma river were repeatedly struck by famines - 1898 - 1900, 1907, 1908 - 1917 - 1918 and 1944. Populations in these areoss reduced, many people, falling victims to the famines while the survivors moved to other areas for safety.
The effects of these movements were apparent from the growth in population density in the central area of Busoga and in urban and peri-urban areas of Busoga. Many Basoga left Busoga in the same period, settling in other districts. The demographic profile of Busoga today is, as a consequence of all these developments.
Today, Busoga is home to many people, of about 6 different origins, due to similar causes mentioned before, but with different faces. According to 2002 population census, Busoga had a population of just over 3 million people.
[edit] Past Kyabazingas
Obwa Kyabazinga bwa Busoga has evolved over years and each Kyabazinga that has presided over Busoga has added a piece to the process. There has been so far three past Kyabazingas who have presided over Busoga since 1939 as an established federated state of Busoga.
These have been:- Chief Ezekiel Tenywa Wako, who was the first Kyabazinga of Busoga and ascended to the throne in 1939: Yosia Nadiope, and Sir William Wilberforce Nadiope Kadhumbula.
Sir William Wilberforce Kadhumbula succeeded his late father’s (Yosia Nadiope) quick sense of judgement and love for the people.
He ridded the kingdom of insecurity; eliminating bad elements in society in the famous operation named 'Emizindula,' (war against theft), ended the British policy on the fight against small pox (Kawumpuli), during which residents were ordered to carry rat tails to Busoga square for counting as evidence that they had really killed the diseases agents (rats). This, he saw as a dehumanising act and joined his subjects to denounce the policy, which brought him in conflict with the British government. As a result he was exiled in Bunyoro where he was called to lead the Basoga into the Second World War.
His war skills and mobilisation ability earned him Queen Elizabeth's admiration and love. He was honoured with the title Sir among other awards.
He also played a big role in Uganda's independence struggle and before the end of his career, he had served as the first Vice President of the independent Uganda. He was also the Chairman of Uganda People’s Congress political Party (UPC).
He mobilised for the construction of infrastructures like roads, hospitals, government centres like county and sub-county headquarters and most of all mobilising the Basoga to productive farming of both food and crops.
During his tenure of office doubling as the Vice President, Kyabazinga and UPC Chairman, he managed to push for several development projects in Busoga that include construction of schools like the Balangira High School which later became Busoga College Mwiri.
[edit] Current political setup
Busoga Kingdom Royal Council is composed of the 11 traditional leaders of the 11 traditional chiefdoms of Busoga. They include the five princes and heads of the five royal families of Busoga and the six chiefs of the traditional chiefdoms. They are;
| Title | Ssaza (principality or chiefdom) | Head | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gabula | Bugabula | Prince William Nadiope | |
| Zibondo | Bulamogi | Prince G. W Napeera | |
| Ngobi | Kigulu | Prince Izimba Golologolo | |
| Tabingwa | Luuka | Prince W. Tabingwa Nabwana | |
| Nkono | Bukono | Prince C. J. Mutyaba Nkono | |
| Wakooli | Bukooli | Chief David Muluuya Kawunye | |
| Ntembe | Butembe | Chief Badru Waguma | |
| Menya | Bugweri | Chief Kakaire Fred Menya | |
| Kisiki | Busiki | Chief Yekosofato Kawanguzi | |
| Luba | Bunya | Chief Juma Munulo | |
| Nanyumba | Bunyole | Chief John Ntale Nahnumba | |
The Katukiro (Prime Minister) of Busoga Kingdom is Rt. Hon. Martin Musumba. The office of the Katukiro in the Kingdom is an important and a vital one. The Katukiro is the head of the Kigdom's Government and official spokesperson for the Kyabazinga and the Kingdom.
Busoga kingdom is administered in the following:
Kamuli District - (4 Counties, 23 Sub Counties & 134 Parishes) - 2 Kings (Bugabula & Bulamogi)
Iganga District - (4 Counties, 25/26 Sub Counties, unknown number of Parishes) - 3 Kings (Kigulu, Luuka &Busiki)
Mayuge District - (1 County, 6 Sub-Counties, unknown number of parishes) - 1 King (Bunya)
Jinja District - (3 Counties, 11 Sub-Counties, 50 Parishes)
Bugiri District - (1 County, 12 to19) Sub-Counties, unknown Parishes) - Possibly 2 Kings (Bukooli And Banda)
[edit] Language
What holds the Basoga together is language. The Lusoga language is very similar to Luganda – spoken by the Baganda and it is believed that the people in southern Busoga originally came from Buganda and in the early 14th Century and overwhelmed the original inhabitants - the Luo who came from the north and Iteso who came from the north-east. They then spread into other parts of Busoga.
[edit] Religion
The majority of Basoga are Christian, the rest practice Islam or African Traditional Religion, though many Christians and Muslims also practice their religion, along with a combination of African Traditional religion.
[edit] Culture
[edit] Social organization
Soga social organization emphasised descent through males. It was therefore a patrilineal society. Four or five generations of descendants of one man, related through male forebears, constituted a patrilineage. A group of related lineages constituted a clan, which was symbolised by a totem. Clan leaders could summon a council of lineage heads, and council decisions affected all lineages within the lan]. Many of these decisions regulated marriage, which had always been between two different lineages or clans, forming important social and political alliances for the men of both lineages. Lineage and clan leaders also helped maintain efficient land use practices, and they inspired pride in the group through ceremonies and remembrances of ancestors.
Early Soga villages surrounded the home of a chief or headman, which provided a common meeting ground for members of the village. The chief collected tribute from his subjects, distributed resources among his subjects, maintained order, and reinforced social solidarity through his decision-making skills.
[edit] Traditional dress
Men wear a long white robe called a kanzu, and women wear a garment called a gomesi.
[edit] Music and dance
Kisoga music shows similarities to the music of the kiganda music. The Busoga xylophone is called Embaire, and is used in the courtly music of the Busoga court. The compository principles of Embaire music are similar to those of the Amadinda music of Buganda.
- Amadinda - artists, instruments and recordings from Uganda A summary of the Amadinda and other instruments and recordings from Uganda
Tamenaibuga - Tamenaibuga is a kisoga dance, which demonstrates a sign of friendship, and Unity. Once upon a time, there were two great friends in Busoga. Their friendship was very intimate even to sharing all the things they acquired in life. One day they went for a drink (beer). In Busoga Kingodom, gourds are used to drink beer. When they took one too many of this drink, they developed an argument, which led into a quarrel and eventually a fight. The gourd, which they had used to take beer, got broken. The broken gourd made matters worse and ended up separating these two great friends. The communities realised that it was very bad for friends to quarrel as this would break the friendship (unity). A dance was thus developed to unite the people of Busoga Kingdom.
[edit] Food
The traditional Soga economy relied on crop cultivation. In contrast with many other East African economic systems, cattle played only a minor role. Bananas (matoke or matooke) were, and still are the most important staple food, providing the economic base for the region's dense population growth. This crop does not require shifting cultivation or bush fallowing to maintain soil fertility, and as a result, Soga villages were quite permanent.
Women did most of the agricultural work, while men often engaged in commerce and politics (and in precolonial times, warfare).
[edit] Some attractions and historical sites
[edit] The source of the Nile
The source of the Nile, the second longest river in the world, marked by the discovery of one of the first European explorers, John Speke, is an internationally unique attraction. The tranquility and splendour of both Lake Victoria and River Nile embody great memories of any visitor.
[edit] Bujjagali Falls
This among others, such as the Bujjagali ancestral site for the Basoga ancestral spirits at Bujagali falls, includes the numerous rapids along the Nile, virgin nature across the region, and the culture of the people and the great Lake Victoria by no doubt gives Busoga Kingdom its distinct place in tourism.
[edit] Lake Victoria
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[edit] Kagulu Hill
The was the first settlement area for Basoga of Bunyoro origin led by Prince Mukama. Although the cultural value of Kagulu extends to cover a wide area, the remaining and visible landmark is the Kagulu hill. The hill sits in between two roads that divide at the foothill to lead to Gwaya and Iyingo.
The hill, although not yet familiar to many people outside Busoga, Kagulu hill has a breathtaking scenery that gives a clear view of almost the entire Busoga. Kagulu hill is unique in the attractions it offers. It is the only hill in Uganda that has been adapted for tourist climbing, with constructed steps to make it easy for visitors to access the top.
[edit] Budhumbula shrine/palace
Located 2km from Kamuli town along the Kamuli-Jinja main road, the site comprises a shrine and residence of the former Kyabazinga of Busoga, Sir William Wilberforce Kadhumbula Nadiope, who died in 1976. The shrine, covered by beautiful marbles consist of graves for various members of the royal family, his father and mother, Yosia Nadiope and Nasikombi respectively.
The other graves found within the shrine are of his son, a former Uganda government Minister, Prince Professor Wilson Nadiope who died in 1991 and his mother Yuliya Babirye Nadiope who died in 2004. The palace’s main residence is a legacy of the British colonial government, having been donated by the protectorate government in 1914.
[edit] References
- Fallers, Margaret Chave (1960) The Eastern Lacustrine Bantu (Ganda and Soga). Ethnographic survey of Africa: East central Africa, Vol 11. London: International African Institute.
- Van der Wal, Jenneke (2004) Lusoga Phonology. MA Thesis, Leiden University.
- Cohen, David William (1970). A survey of interlacustrine chronology. The Journal of African History, 1970, 11, 2, 177-202.
- Cohen, David William (1986). Towards a reconstructed past : Historical texts from Busoga, Uganda. (Fontes historiae africanae). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Fallers, Lloyd A (1965) Bantu Bureaucracy - A Century of Political evolution among the Basoga of Uganda. Phoenix Books, The University of Chicago.
[edit] See also
- Lusoga - Lusoga Language on Wikipedia
- Ethnic groups in Uganda
- Ugandan monarchies
[edit] External links
- Busoga Kingdom Online A summary of the Busoga Kingdom by the Busoga Kingdom Online - Official website of Busoga
- The Cultural Research Centre - Busoga A resource for literature relating to Basoga
[edit] News websites
- New Vision Online - Local East - News, mainly from the Busoga region
[edit] Some educational institutions
- Busoga University - Home page for Busoga University, formely Busoga College Mwiri
- Buckley High School - Home page for Buckley High School
- Kiira College Butiki - Home page for Kiira College Butiki
- Busoga College Mwiri - Home page for Busoga College Mwiri
- Busoga College Mwiri - Not official site
