Chancellor Bay

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Chancellor Bay on the door jamb of the Amada temple, Nubia, shown adoring the cartouch of Siptah

Chancellor Bay was an important non-Egyptian official who rose to prominence and high office under Seti II Userkheperure Setepenre and later became an influential powerbroker in the closing stages of the 19th Dynasty. He is sometimes given the name of Irsu, or Iarsu, which can be read in Egyptian as 'the one who has made himself' or the "self made" man.^[1] This was a derogatory method by the Ancient Egyptians to refer to Bay without mentioning his name.

Bay's importance is emphasized by the fact that he was given permission, possibly by Seti, or more probably by Siptah to construct his own tomb in Egypt's Valley of the Kings (KV13). His tomb was clearly constructed as part of a triad of tombs, including that of the Pharaoh Spiptah and Twosret, who during Bay's life was the Queen Regent. This was an unprecedented privilege, never previously accorded to a commoner, let alone a foreigner but only to members of the royal family. It is possible that Bay was accorded this tomb because he was a relation of Siptah's mother, a Canaanite concubine of Seti II, or perhaps even of Amenmesse. His tomb was later usurped in the 20th Dynasty for prince Mentuherkhepshef, the son of Rameses IX, in the Twentieth Dynasty.

[edit] Origins and Career

Bay/Irsu is called a Syrian (Hurru = Hurrian or Harran-born) Asiatic. While his precise background is unknown except for his Syrian origins, Bay is first attested in office as a scribe and butler--an important position in Egypt--during the reign of Seti II.^[2] However, Bay probably entered into Egypt's civil administration earlier under a previous pharaoh--either Merneptah, Seti II's father, or Ramesses II.

Indeed, Bay may have first entered into official service as a priest to the temple at Heliopolis, where a small statue of him has been found. By the time of the death of Seti II, Bay had risen to the post of Chancellor and played the role of "kingmaker." Bay's status at Siptah's court was so great that on several of the young king's monuments, "the chancellor is shown in scenes with the pharaoh on the same scale as the latter, the earliest occasion in which a commoner was depicted in such a manner."^[3] Furthermore, Bay explicitly claims, in several inscriptions with reference to Siptah, that it was he who established the king "on the throne of his father" without providing further details on how this came about.^[4] Bay was also included in the cult of the mortuary temple of Siptah in Year 3 of the latter's reign.^[5] The tomb of Queen Twosret, KV14 was also started, and built as part of a threesome with those of Siptah and Irsu/Bay, during the same period. The tombs of Bay and Twosret (2nd building phase) are smaller copies of the royal tomb.

Images of Bay exist showing him depicted standing behind the throne of Pharaoh Siptah, an unusual position for a commoner, and again opposite Twosret on the doorjamb of the Amada temple where he faces the queen.

Like the other two, his name was later removed from the tomb, possibly by the new Pharaohs of the 20th Dynasty, who did not recognise the his legitimacy, nor that of any of the monarchs of the later 19th Dynasty. Some have even considered that during this period Twosret and Bay to have been or to have become lovers, encouraging her to take the throne as a full Pharaoh on the death of her step-son. If tradition is to be believed, Bay enjoyed an evil reputation: he repotedly seduced the pharaoh's widow, Twosret, who then gave him full control over Egypt's treasury.^[6]

[edit] Fate

While it was previously assumed that Bay later survived to serve under Twosret, a newly discovered ostracon published by Pierre Grandet in BIFAO 100 titled "L'execution du chancelier Bay O. IFAO 1864," (BIFAO 100 [2000]: pp. 339-345), reveals otherwise. According to the information in Ostraca IFAO 1864, which is composed of 2 inscribed potsherd fragments that were reunited in February 2000, Bay was executed on or shortly before Year 5, III Shemu day 27 of Siptah, on the king's orders. The recto of the ostracon is basically a public announcement to the workmen of Deir el-Medina and reads thus:

Year 5 III Shemu the 27th. On this day, the scribe of the tomb Paser came announcing 'Pharaoh LPH, has killed the great enemy Bay.(sm3 Pr-‘3 ‘.w.s. khrw ‘3 B3y)'[1]

Although the king is not named, the dating of the ostracon under Siptah is certain and accords well with Bay's last known public appearance in Regnal Year 4 of this king. It is not known what event or palace conspiracy brought about Bay's sudden downfall. However, the prime beneficiary of his death appears to be Twosret, who assumed the throne without opposition a year later when Siptah died. Bay, hence, was not buried in the dignified style which he sought and instead met a traitor's fate.^[7] After his fall, his tomb was subsequently usurped in the 20th Dynasty for prince Mentuherkhepshef, son of Rameses IX. [2]

[edit] Memory

Papyrus Harris I portrays his tenure in office as a time when Egypt was in chaos and temple offerings were denied to the gods. After the death of Twosret, Egypt seems to have fallen into anarchy, with many temples being looted by Asiatic followers of Irsu/Bay. For instance, the Harris papyrus reads:

"The land of Egypt was overthrown from without and every man was thrown out of his right; they had no chief for many years formerly until other times. The land of Egypt was in the hands of chiefs and of rulers of towns; one slew his neighbor great and small. Other times having come after it, with empty years, Iarsu, a certain Syrian was with them as chief. He set the whole land tributary before him together; he united his companions and plundered their possessions. They made the gods like men and no offerings were presented in the temples."^[8]

Setnakhte's Elephantine stele records how he expelled these Asiatic rebels who, on their flight from Egypt, left behind much of the gold, silver and copper they had stolen from Egypt, and with which they had intended to hire reinforcements among the Asiatics.

It is possible that memories of these events were distortedly reported in the third century BCE by the Hellenistic Egyptian historian and priest, Manetho, who claimed that a certain Egyptian priest from Heliopolis called Osarseph, led leprous Asiatics out of Egypt, in an Exodus later reportedly that of Moses, although Irsu/Bay's career has a greater resemblance to that of the Biblical Joseph (Yusuf). Manetho's claim of a connection between Osarseph as Moses was vigorously denied by Josephus.

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Clayton, Peter A. Chronicle of the Pharaohs (The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt) (ISBN 0-500-05074-0)
• Grimal, Nicolas. A History of Ancient Egypt. Blackwell Books, 1992, pp. 270–271.
• Pierre Grandet, "L'execution du chancelier Bay O. IFAO 1864," BIFAO 100 (2000), pp.339-356
• Altenmüller, Hartwig, "Zweiter Vorbericht über die Arbeiten des Archäologischen Instituts der Universität Hamburg am Grab des Bay (KV 13) im Tal der Könige von Theben", SAK 19 (1992), 15-36.
• Tydlesey, Joyce. The Complete Queens of Egypt (American University of Cairo Press)