Chickasaw Campaign of 1736

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Battle of Ogoula Tchetoka
Part of the Chickasaw Wars
Date 25 March 1736 Location Near present day Pontotoc, Mississippi, USA Result Crushing Chickasaw victory
Combatants
Chickasaw nation	French in Upper Louisiana
Commanders
Mingo Ouma	Pierre d'Artaguette
Strength
Perhaps 100 in fortifications; 400 to 500 Chickasaw and thirty British traders in ambush force	130 French regulars and militia, of which 30 were left behind to guard supplies; 38 Iroquois; 28 Arkansas; and 300 Miami and Illinois warriors
Casualties
Reportedly 50 casualties	Most of the French killed or captured, Iroquois and Arkansas heavily engaged

The Chickasaw Campaign of 1736 consisted of two pitched battles by the French and allies against Chickasaw fortified villages in present day Northeast Mississippi. Under the overall direction of the governor of Louisiana, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, a force from Upper Louisiana attacked Ogoula Tchetoka on March 25, 1736. A second force from Lower Louisiana attacked Ackia on May 26, 1736. Both attacks were bloodily repulsed.

Contents 1 Strategic Situation 2 Battle of Ogoula Tchetoka 3 Battle of Ackia 4 Assessment 5 External links 6 References

[edit] Strategic Situation

The French empire of New France extended from New Orleans in the south to Canada in the north. Its unity was disrupted only by the presence of hostile Natchez and Chickasaw tribes along the lower Mississippi River. The French effort to reduce these hostile tribes and gain free passage along the Mississippi culminated in the Chickasaw Wars.

Since 1716, the French and Choctaw had united against the Natchez in an overt campaign of destruction. By 1736 the Natchez were killed or scattered, with many of them taking refuge among the Chickasaw. Bienville wanted to destroy these Natchez remnants, and reduce the Chickasaw. 'It is absolutely necessary that some bold and remarkable blow be struck, to impress the Indians with a proper sense of respect and duty toward us' (Bienville quoted by Gayarre). He planned coordinated operations by two forces: one under Pierre d'Artaguette, commander of the Illinois District of Lousiana, from the North; and a larger army under himself from the South. According to Gayarre, these forces were to meet 'at the Chickasaw villages' on March 31, 1736.

[edit] Battle of Ogoula Tchetoka

D'Artaguette at Fort de Chartres collected detachments throughout the Illinois Country and proceeded with great expedition to Chickasaw Bluff near present day Memphis. Despite failing to meet promised detachments under de Monchervaux and de Grandpré, he resumed his march with Chicagou and de Vincennes to the Chickasaw lands, only to be advised by courier that the southern army was late and that he should act according to his own judgement.

Unable or unwilling to wait any longer, d'Artaguette arrived before a seemingly isolated village at Ogoula Tchetoka (part of Chuckalissa, or Old Town, four miles SSE of present day Pontotoc, Mississippi) with 130 French regulars and militia and 366 Iroquois, Arkansas, Miami, and Illinois warriors. Gayarre gives the date as 'Palm Sunday', or March 25. Leaving 30 French behind to guard supplies, d'Artaguette's northern force attacked with 'great vigor' but was pinned down, ambushed, routed, and furiously pursued, and its baggage train of valuable shot and powder was captured. Surviving remnants scattered back to meet the belated de Monchervaux on the return trail; Bienville wrote that, without the firm resistance given by the Iroquois and Arkansas, not a single Frenchman would have survived. According to Gayarre, nineteen of the French were captured of whom seventeen, including d'Artaguette thrice wounded in battle, were ritually burnt over a fire unto death. Two Frenchmen were held in hope of exchange for an imprisoned Chickasaw chief, but were eventually sent to the British in South Carolina (Atkinson p. 40 and 49).

A contemporary memoir by Dumont de Montigny reported this battle as taking place on May 20, 1736, leading to confusion in many later accounts.

[edit] Battle of Ackia

Battle of Ackia
Part of the Chickasaw Wars
Date 26 May 1736 Location Near present day Tupelo, Mississippi, USA Result Decisive Chickasaw victory, French repulsed
Combatants
Chickasaw nation	French in Lower Louisiana
Commanders
Mingo Ouma	Sieur de Bienville
Strength
Reportedly 100, all within fortifications	544 European regulars and militia excluding officers, 45 Africans, 600 Choctaw warriors
Casualties
Unreported, few	No firm report, perhaps 100 French killed, 100 wounded, at least 22 Choctaw killed

Ackia (in present day Tupelo, Mississippi) was attacked by the Southern force. The French contingent, including grenadiers, regulars, Swiss, and various companies of militia, assembled at Mobile throughout March, 1736. Starting the first of April, the French proceeded by boat with little loss 270 river miles up the Tombigbee River. On April 23, the army reached its forward depot at Fort Tombecbé (which had been prepared at present day Jones Bluff, Sumter County, Alabama in anticipation of this campaign), and there mustered 544 European and 45 African men, excluding officers, before being met by a 600 man Choctaw contingent (Gayarre). Departing Fort Tombecbé on May 4 by boat and on foot, the combined army continued upriver and reached the vicinity of present day Amory, Mississippi on May 22. Quickly fortifying a base camp to protect the supplies and boats, essential for its return, the army departed on May 24 for the nearest Chickasaw village, 27 miles away.

On May 26, the army approached three fortified hilltop villages, named Ackia, Tchoukafalaya, and Apeony, collectively called Long Town. After some debate the army advanced to attack, with the French contingent in typically European order, and the Choctaw noisily but reluctantly covering the flanks. Avoiding Apeony, where a trader's cabin flew a British flag, the force stormed Ackia under cover of large shields or mats called mantelets. The French immediately received 'a shower of balls' from the Chickasaw fortifications, the mantelets proved to be ineffective, and the attack became pinned down on the side of the hill with steadily mounting casualties. Several outlying cabins were taken, but after several hours' combat the French fell back 'without having been able to make the slightest breach' in the fortress at the point of attack. During the night the Chickasaws further improved their position by razing surrounding cabins and vegetation. The French, short of ammunition and provisions, and worried that they could not carry any more wounded, and with no information from d'Artaguette, retreated the way they came.

[edit] Assessment

B. F. French stated 'The war was rashly brought and rashly conducted. Bienville entered the enemy's country without any means of siege, made one attack on a fort, and then, without attempting by scouts to open a communication with D'Artaguette, whom he had ordered to meet him in the Chickasaw country on the 10th of May [sic], or making any attempt to give him proper orders, without even taking one Chickasaw prisoner to get any information of D'Artaguette's proceedings, he retreated, and ended the campaign disastrously'. Atkinson described the frontal assaults against positions that were practically invisible as 'stupid'. He quotes a contemporary statement by Red Shoes, a Choctaw chief present at Ackia: "The French did not know at all the way to carry on war; we had been able to take only a little village of thirty of forty men; that on the contrary we had lost many men without being able to say that we had killed a single one; that our troops heavily clad marched with too slow a step and so close together that it was impossible for the Chickasaws to fire without killing some of them and wounding several."

The Chickasaw were amply equipped with English arms via a trade route to their settlement in South Carolina. Their fortresses, sited with crossing fields of fire, were protected by thick loopholed walls, and planked roofs all covered with earth to resist burning. With this technology the Chickasaw invincibly maintained their homeland against relentless pressure from the French and Choctaw, including a repeat campaigns in 1739.

The Ackia battleground was made a U.S. National Monument in 1938; it was absorbed into the Natchez Trace Parkway in 1961 and is now called "Chickasaw Village."

[edit] External links

• "Ackia Battleground National Monument", a 1938 article from the National Park Service
• The French-Chickasaw War of 1736 Part I
• The French-Chickasaw War of 1736 Part II (Ackia)
• Topozone - Location of d'Artaguette's Battlefield
• Bienville's report of d'Artaguette's attack

[edit] References

• Atkinson, James R. (2004). Splendid Land, Splendid People. University of Alabama Press. OCLC 0817350330.  pp. 39-61. Excellent modern history
• Gayarre, Charles (1851). Louisiana: Its Colonial History and Romance. Harper and Brothers. OCLC 13850788.  pp. 476-495. Gayarre makes reference to original reports by Bienville, making his numbers more reliable
• Batz, Alexandre de (1737). Nations Amies et Ennemies des Tchicachas. Septembre 1737. This French copy of a Chickasaw parchment map names Mingo Ouma as the Great War Chief of the Chickasaw in the 1736 battles.
• French, Benjamin F. (1853). Historical Memoirs of Louisiana. Lamport, Blakeman & Law. OCLC 13853287.  pp.106-114. English translation of the 1753 Mémoires Historiques sur la Louisiane, in turn an edited version of a manuscript by Jean François Benjamin Dumont de Montigny. Atkinson does not consider it a reliable source