Constituent Assembly of Lithuania
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The Constituent Assembly of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Steigiamasis Seimas) was democratically elected in 1920 to draft and adopt the 1922 constitution of Lithuania.
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[edit] Historical background
Since 1795 Lithuania was part of the Russian Empire. At the end of the World War I, on February 16, 1918, Council of Lithuania declared Lithuania's independence. The act of declaration called for forming Constituent Assembly as soon as possible. However, Lithuania remained under German control till Wilhelmshaven mutiny took place in fall 1918. On November 2, 1918 the first draft of constitution of Lithuania was adopted. On November 11, the same as the final armistice treaty ending World War I was signed, the first government of Lithuania was formed. Augustinas Voldemaras became the first prime minister. In December 1918, Red Army invaded the country. Freedom wars started. By the end of 1919 Red Army and Bermontians were successfully pushed from the territory of Lithuania. The state institutions and infrastructure started to form.
[edit] Representatives
The law describing the procedures of electing and the powers of the Constituent Assembly was adopted on October 30, 1919. The elections were held only on April 14-15, 1920. The voter turnout reached about 90%. The voters, both men and women, elected 112 representatives. The majority, 59 seats, was taken by Christian democrats. 28 seats were taken by Peasants' Union and socialists, 12 by social democrats, 10 by minorities - Jews, Poles, and Germans. The rest 3 representatives were independent. Only 8 representatives were older than 50. 5 of the representatives were women. In fact, Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė, a famous Lithuanian female writer, chaired the first session honoring the tradition that before the chair is elected, the oldest member acts as chair. As time passed, 38 members of the assembly resigned and were replaced. So in total there were 150 members of the Constituent Assembly.
Vilnius region, under Polish control, and Klaipėda region, under French control, could not take part in the elections. However, the election law reserved 108 seats for Vilnius and 9 for Klaipėda regions. Therefore, there should have been 229 elected representatives.
[edit] Accomplishments
The first meeting took place on May 15, 1920 in Kaunas, the temporary capital. They declared that Lithuania is going to pursue independence declared on February 16, 1918. Also Aleksandras Stulginskis was elected as the chairman and de facto president. As soon as June 10, 1920 it passed the third and the final draft of the constitution.
On June 12, 1920 a peace treaty was signed with the Russian SFSR. It was highly beneficial to Lithuania as Russia recognized its independence de jure (the first state to do so after 1918) and acknowledged that vast areas of Vilnius region belong to Lithuania. Shortly after the defeat in the Battle of Warsaw, the withdrawing Red Army handed Vilnius over to Lithuania, in accordance with the agreement.
From October 1920 till February 1921, the Constituent Assembly was adjourned because the Lithuanian-Belarusian Division of the Polish Army under General Lucjan Żeligowski seized Vilnius. Many representatives went to the front to defend the historic capital. Before adjourning it had created the so-called Small Seimas (Lithuanian: Mažasis Seimas) consisting of the Chairman and six members of the regular Constituent Assembly who were authorized to pass urgent laws.
In March 1921, after an international arbitration a border treaty with Latvia was signed. 21 km of coastline with Palanga and Šventoji towns were transferred to Lithuania. It also defended its interest in Mažeikiai city. In return, Latvia received so-called Aknysta foreland (Latvian: Aknīste) north from Rokiškis. In total, Latvia gained about 100 km² more than Lithuania. This treaty solved all border conflicts with Latvia and the border remains the same today. It became a foundation for good and healthy cooperation between the two nations.
On September 23, 1921 Lithuania became member of the League of Nations. Most world countries recognized the independence right afterwards.
On February 15, 1922 it passed law on land reform. It was a decade-long reform when land owned by nobility was nationalized and distributed to the volunteers who fought at Freedom wars and peasants who owned none or very little land. This way Lithuania's agriculture was based on small (20-50 ha) farms. Over the years 459,000 ha of land was distributed to over 65,000 people. The nobility was allowed to keep 80 ha of land and was reimbursed an average of 27 litas per ha for nationalized land. People who received land, except for the volunteers, were required to pay for the land over the course of 36 years.
The main goal, to adopt a new constitution, was reached on August 1, 1922. The constitution granted broad powers to Seimas, the Parliament. It selected the Cabinet of Ministers and elected the President. Seimas and the president are elected every three years in democratic elections. Lithuania was declared a democratic republic modeled after example of France. Because of Christian democrats majority, the constitution clearly reflected Christian ideas. For example, it established that religious education is mandatory and its preamble starts with the words "In the name of Almighty God" (Lithuanian: Vardan Dievo Visagalio).
On September 9 a law was passed on national currency litas. On October 1, it was introduced. Litas became one of the stronger currencies in Europe.
On October 6, 1922 the Constituent Assembly resigned. A new regular Seimas started on November 13. The assembly passed approximately 150 laws, strengthened the state's administrative system, and laid foundations of economic, social and cultural life of Lithuania.
[edit] References
- Constituent Assembly (Seimas) 1920 - 1922, Seimas
- Gimtoji istorija, Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės (Lietuvos istorijos vadovėlis), CD, 2002, ISBN 9986-9216-7-8
