Culture of Pakistan
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The culture of Pakistan (Urdu: ثقافت پاکستان ), although South Asian, has been greatly influenced by the cultures of Central Asia and the Middle East. Pakistan is the site of many things Indus Valley Civilization that influenced the cultures of rest of South Asia. Many cultural practices and monuments have been inherited from the rule of many rulers of the region that have added their cultural traditions to the region. One of the most influenced cultures being the Mughals.
Pakistan has a rich cultural and traditional background going back to Indus Valley Civilization, 2800 BC–1800 BC. The region of Pakistan has been invaded in the past, occupied and settled by many different people, including Dravidians, Aryans, Greeks, White Huns, Persians, Arabs, Turks, Mongols and various Eurasian groups. And indeed the region has formed a distinct cultural unit within the main cultural complex of South Asia from prehistoric times.[1] There are differences in culture among the different ethnic groups in matters such as dress, food, and religion, especially where pre-Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices. The cultural origins come from the civilizations of North India and eastern Afghanistan, with significant influences from Persia, Turkestan and Hellenistic Greece. However, it was the first part of the subcontinent to receive the full impact of Islam. Hence it has developed an identity of its own.[1]
Ancient sites in Pakistan include Buddhist monuments, Hindu temples, Palaces and Monuments built by Emperors, tombs, pleasure grounds and Anglo-Mogul mansions - some in a state of dereliction which makes their former grandeur more emphatic. Sculpture is dominated by Graeco-Buddhist friezes, and crafts by ceramics, jewellery, silk goods and engraved woodwork and metalwork.
Pakistani society is largely multilingual and multicultural. Though cultures within the country differ to some extenct, more similarities than differences can be found as most Pakistanis are of mainly Aryan heritage. However, over 50 years of integration, a distinctive "Pakistani" Culture has sprung up especially in the urban areas. Religious practices of various faiths are an integral part of everyday life in society. Education is highly regarded by members of every socio-economic stratum. The traditional family values are highly respected and considered sacred, although urban families have grown into a nuclear family system, owing to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional joint family system.
The past few decades have seen emergence of a middle class in cities such as Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Quetta, Faisalabad, Sukkur, Peshawar, Abbottabad and Multan. The North-western part of Pakistan, bordering with Afghanistan, is highly conservative and dominated by regional tribal customs dating back hundreds of years.
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[edit] Literature
[edit] History
Pakistani literature, that is, the literature of Pakistan, as a distinct literature came into being when Pakistan gained its nationhood as a sovereign state in 1947. The common and shared tradition of Urdu literature and English literature of the South Asia was inherited by the new state. Over a period of time, a body of literature unique to Pakistan has emerged in nearly all major Pakistani languages, including Urdu, English, Punjabi, Pushto and Sindhi.
[edit] Poetry
The Urdu language has an old tradition of poetry and includes famous poets as Mirza Ghalib, Allama Iqbal and Faiz Ahmad Faiz (national Poet of Pakistan). Apart from Urdu poetry Pakistani poetry also has many blends of other languages. Balochi Poetry, Persian poetry, English poetry, Punjabi poetry and Kashmiri poetry have all incoroprated and have influenced the different kinds of poetry in the region.
[edit] Fiction in English
Since the time that Rudyard Kipling lived in Lahore, what is now Pakistan has produced a considerable body of English language literature. A growing number of Pakistani and Pakistani-origin novelists and short fiction writers have won international awards for their work[citation needed].
[edit] Performing arts
[edit] Music
Pakistani music is represented by a wide variety of forms. It ranges from traditional styles (such as Qawwali) to more modern forms that try to fuse traditional Pakistani music with western music. A famous Pakistani musician, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan was internationally renowned for creating a form of music which synchronized Qawwali with western music. Popular forms of music also prevail, the most notable being Film music and Urdu and Punjabi Pop music. In addition to this are the diverse traditions of folk music, as well as modern styles such as Rock with bands such as Junoon becoming recognized internationally .
[edit] Drama and theatre
These are very similar to stage plays in theatres. They are performed by many well-known actors and actresses in the Lollywood industry. The are many types of themes that are brought across with lots of humour. The themes that are bought across ranges from a huge range of events that taken place in ones life.
[edit] Recreation and sports
The official and national sport of Pakistan is field hockey, although squash and cricket are also very popular. The national cricket team has won the Cricket World Cup once (in 1992), were runners-up once (in 1999) and co-hosted the games twice (in 1987 and 1996). The team has also won the Australasia Cup in 1986, 1990, and 1994. The country will also be hosting the 2011 Cricket World Cup with India and Bangladesh.
At an international level, Pakistan has competed many times at the Summer Olympics in field hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and shooting. Hockey is the sport that Pakistan has been most successful at the Olympics, with three gold medals (1960, 1968, 1984). Pakistan has also won the Hockey World Cup four times (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994).[2] Pakistan has hosted several international competitions, including the SAFG in 1989 and 2004.
A1 Grand Prix racing is also becoming popular with the entry of a Pakistani team in the 2005 season. The Tour de Pakistan, modelled on the Tour de France, is an annual cycling competition that covers the length and breadth of Pakistan. Recently, football has grown in popularity across the country, where traditionally it had been played almost exclusively in the western province of Balochistan. Fifa has recently teamed up with the government to bring football more closer to the northern areas too. Also, it is hoped that Pakistan will fare better in the Football World Cup qualifiers for 2010.
[edit] Cuisine
Pakistani food is similar that of northern India, with a dollop of Persian, Turkish and Middle Eastern influences thrown in for good measure. This means menus peppered with baked and deep-fried breads (roti, chapattis, puri, halwa and nan), vegetables, meat, curries, lentils (dhal), spicy spinach, cabbage, peas and rice, and of course that staple of hippies, the sturdy Hunza pie. Street snacks are popular in cities - samosas and tikkas (spiced and barbecued beef, mutton or chicken) - are delicious, while a range of desserts will satisfy any sweet tooth. The most common sweet is barfi (it pays to overlook the name), which is made of dried milk solids and comes in a variety of flavours. Though Pakistan is officially 'dry' (alcohol-free), it does brew its own beer (Murree Beer) and spirits which can be bought (as well as imported alcohol) from designated bars and hotels.
[edit] Festivals
[edit] Chand Raat
After an Islamic month of fasting, Ramadan, just the night before Eid comes, everyone gets ready for Eid. In the night known as Chand Raat, girls put henna on their hands. Most people have parties at their house. People go out for the last minute shopping for gifts and sweets that will be given to friends and families. Even outside at the malls and the plazas, there are many colourful lights. There are large crowds in the city center to celebrate the beginning of Eid.
[edit] Eid celebrations
The two Eids, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha commemorate the passing of the month of fasting, Ramadan, and the willingness of Prophet Ibrahim to sacrifice his son Prophet Ishmael for God. During these days there are national holidays and many festivals and events take place to celebrate Eid. As Pakistan is a Muslim state, there are three days off for all businesses and Government offices.
On the night before Eid, people search for the new moon to mark the end of ramadan and arrival of Eid ul-Fitr. The day starts with morning prayers, then returning home for a large breakfast with family members. The day is spent visiting relatives and friends and sharing gifts and sweets with everyone. During the evening people hit the town for some partying, going to restaurants or relaxing in city parks.
On Eid ul-Fitr poor people are given some money as a form of charity and as gifts to young children.
[edit] Basant
Basant is a Punjabi festival that marks the coming of spring. Basant celebrations in Pakistan are centered in Lahore and people from all over the country and abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. Kite flying competitions take place all over the city's rooftops during Basant.
[edit] Independence Day
On August 14, every year all over Pakistan, the people of Pakistan celebrate the day Pakistan gained its independence from the British Raj for an independent state for Muslims. There are lots of celebrations all over the country, the streets are full of joyful people singing and dancing. Concerts are held with many pop and classical singers. Parades are held in the capital city (Islamabad). All over the country people decourate their house with colourful decourations. Flags fly on top of each house. At night, fireworks are done in many cities. On this day people pray for the country and think how proud they are to be a Pakistani.
[edit] Defense Day Parade
September 6 is another patriotic day, when the Army of Pakistan is put on display for the general public to show Pakistan arms. All Government officials attend the ceremony and medals and recognitions are awarded to special people for their work. In 2007, Pakistan Air Force (PAF) will put on display the new joint manufactured Chinese-Pakistan aircraft called the JF-17 Thunder. The aircraft will also take part in the fly past during the parade.
[edit] Popular media
[edit] Television
Traditionally, the government-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) has been the dominant media player in Pakistan. The PTV channels are controlled by the governement and oppositional views are not given much time. However, past decade has seen emergence of several private TV channels (news , entertainment) such as the GEO TV, AAJ TV, ARY Digital and a dozen or so more channels. Traditionally the bulk of TV shows have been plays or soap operas---some of them critically acclaimed. Various American, European, Asian TV channels and movies are available to a majority of the population via Cable TV.
[edit] Radio
After independence, Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) was the sole radio channel in Pakistan during 1947. The Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation was formed on 14th August 1947 when Pakistan became independent. It was a direct descendant of the Indian Broadcasting Company which later became All India Radio. At independence Pakistan possessed three radio stations at Dhaka, Lahore and Peshawar. A major programme of expansion saw new stations opened at Karachi and Rawalpindi in 1948, and a new broadcasting house at Karachi in 1950. This was followed by new radio stations at Hyderabad (1951), Quetta (1956), a second station at Rawalpindi (1960) and a receiving centre at Peshawar (1960). During the 1980s and 1990s the corporation expanded its netwrok to many cities and towns of Pakistan to provide more to the local people. Today, there are over a hundred radio stations due to more liberal media regulations.
[edit] Cinema
An indigenous movie industry exists in Pakistan, and is known as "Lollywood" as it is based in Lahore, producing over forty feature-length films a year. In contrast, Indian movies are popular in Pakistan despite a ban since the Pakistan-India War in 1965, however due to the India-Pakistan peace process bollywood films are slowly returning back to the big screen. The Lollywood industry used to produce many Urdu films however as Lahore became the headquarters of the film industry, slowly the number of Urdu films decreased with the same rate of punjabi language rising.
Pakistan also has another film industry based in Peshawar, North West Frontier Province that produced Pashto language films. As demand for films has increased, Karachi has its own version of film festivals, which includes the Kara Film Festivals where many film producers, actors and film staff get together to celebrate achievements in the industry.
[edit] National Dress
One of the most familiar sights in Pakistan, is that traditionally Pakistani men wear Shalwar Kameez. They come in many different styles, fabrics, colours and patterns that make them look really stylish. Pakistani women also wear Shalwar kameez no matter what province they are from. However, many women from the Sindh province wear ghagra varying from different styles and colours. Pakistani women wear an elaborate and heavily embroidered dress known as gharara on their wedding days.
The Sherwani or Achkan with Karakuli hat is the national dress of Pakistan for men, as it is not specifically associated with any of the provinces. Most government officials wear the formal black Sherwani on state occasions.
[edit] Globalization
Increasing globalization has amplified the influence of "Western culture" in Pakistan. Pakistan ranks 46th in the world on the Kearney/FP Globalization index.[3] Many Western restaurant chains have established their franchises in Pakistan, and are found in the major cities and towns.
A large Pakistani diaspora exists in the West. Whereas Pakistanis in the United States, Canada and Australia tend to be professionals, the majority of them in the United Kingdom, Germany and the Scandinavia originally came from a rural background belonging to the working class. A large number of Pakistani expatriates are also living in the Middle East. These emigrants and their children influence Pakistan culturally and economically, keeping close ties with their roots by travelling to Pakistan and especially by returning or investing there.
[edit] Mercantile culture
- See also: Economy of Pakistan and Economy of Karachi
Pakistan's service sector accounts for 53% of the country's GDP. Wholesale and retail trade is 30% of this sector. Shopping is a popular pastime for many Pakistanis, especially among the well-to-do and the thirty-million strong middle class. The cities of Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar, Islamabad, Faisalabad and Quetta are especially known for the great contrast in shopping experiences - from burgeoning bazaars to modern multi-story shopping malls. In particular, Lahore and Karachi are peppered with colourful shopping plazas.
Over 1,081 patent applications were filed by non-resident Pakistanis in 2004 revealing a new found confidence.[4]
[edit] Sexual conservatism & cultural taboos
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The direct translation of Pakistan's name means land of the pure, implying spiritual purity. The roots of this spirituality would be based on the Islamic faith, which prescribes strict sexual conservatism, especially when compared to the west. Therefore, the following norms of a western society are usually strict cultural taboos in Pakistan:
- Public displays of affection, even by married couples. This however varies from place to place.
- Consumption of alcoholic beverages. (Having alcohol in public is illegal. But wine shops, especially in Karachi and the Sindh province and Islamabad operate. However, there are not many bars. Pakistan does have a few notable companies making local alcohol beverages out of which beer made by Murree Brewery, is the most popular).
Some strict cultural taboos in the west, are norms in Pakistan, such as:
- The staying of children in their parents' house till a certain age. In Pakistan, daughter is supposed to get married between the ages 18 to 25, and move in with her husband and his family (in some of the cases) after marriage. But atleast one of the boys always stays - acting as the parents' social security and taking care of them in their old age, since there is no government to run a official 'social security' system that is administered. This being the reason for the commonly strong desire in Pakistani parents to have sons as compared to daughters. In fact, if the eldest son moves out of his parents' family home and gets a place of his own, the move is usually considered highly offensive and insulting to the parents. It therefore, only rarely happens, especially if the son is an only child or an only son.
[edit] Honour killing or karo-kari
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The factual accuracy of this section is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page |
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The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. |
Honour killing or karo-kari is the name given to murders where the offender claims the victim, usually a woman, had brought his family into disrepute. Under the so-called Islamic legislation enacted by General Zia ul Haq, proven killers could seek or buy pardon from the victim's family under the Islamic principles of compromise. The law has remained essentially unchanged since then. It has been grossly misused and has contributed directly to an alarming increase in the practice of karo-kari, a tradition whereby a man can kill a woman, claiming that she brought dishonour to the family, and still expect to be pardoned by her relatives. Once such a pardon has been secured, the state has no further writ on the matter.
In December 2004, the government passed a bill making karo-kari punishable under the same penal provisions as murder. But it did not alter the provisions whereby the accused could negotiate pardon with the victim's family under the so-called Islamic provisions. In March 2005 the Pakistan government allied with Islamists to reject a bill which sought to strengthen the law against the practice of "honour killing". The parliament rejected the bill by a majority vote, declaring it to be un-Islamic.
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b Basham, A.L. (1968), Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, 641-643
- ^ World Hockey, International Hockey Federation
- ^ Measuring Globalization: Economic Reversals, Forward Momentum, A.T. Kearney, Foreigh Policy Magazine, 2004
- ^ Worldwide Patent Filings, WIPO Patent Report: Statistics on Worldwide Patent Activity (2006 Edition)
I think in Karokari section, the figure of murder 4000 women is wrong. You can see on the website http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/ethics/honourcrimes/. It is mentioned approximately this number of women are killed in whole world but not in Pakistan alone. Hope you understand the matter. Secondly, the honour killing is done by some illegal tribal courts but not by the main stream courts of Pakistan. regards
[edit] External links
[edit] See also
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1 Has some territory in Europe.
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