Dafydd ab Edmwnd
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Dafydd ap Edmwnd (fl. c. 1450–97) was one of the most prominent welsh language poets of the Middle Ages.
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[edit] Life
Dafydd was born into a family of Norman ancestary in Hanmer in Flitshire, North Wales. As a freeman and landowner within Welsh fuedal society he was not, like most of his contemporaries, dependent upon patronage.
Dafydd was the bardic disciple of Maredudd ap Rhys and was in turn, the bardic tutor of Tudur Aled and Gutyn Owain.
[edit] Poetry
The main themes of Dafydd’s poetry were love and nature in the tradition of Dafydd ap Gwilym. His best-known poems include the following Cywyddau:
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- Cywydd Merch (=To a girl)
- I Wallt Merch (=A lady’s hair)
- Enwi’r Ferch (=Naming the girl)
Unlike many of his contemporaries Dafydd eschewed the War of the Roses and politics. However, Dafydd was moved to compose an elegy for his friend, the harpist Siôn Eos, who was hanged for killing a man in a tavern brawl. In this, arguably his finest poem, Dafydd expresses his own anti-English sentiment, and regrets that Siôn Eos could not have been tried under the more humane Laws of Hywel, resulting in compensation being paid to the victim’s family under the old Welsh law rather than the capital punishment of “cyfraith Lundain” (="London’s law").
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- Marwnad Siôn Eos (=The Death of Sion Eos)
[edit] 1450 Eisteddfod and its Legacy
In 1451 Dafydd won the silver chair at an Eisteddfod held at Camarthern. This was achieved with a cywydd on the Trinity in which Dafydd had reformed the 24 metres of welsh bardic poetry codified Einion Offeiriad and Dafydd Ddu o Hiraddug. He deleted two metres and replaced them with the more complicated ‘gorchest y beirdd’ and the ‘cadwynfyr’.
Some bards, including Llawdden, who had developed the edict which regulating the categories of verse permitted at the Eisteddfod, objected. The contest was re-run and Dafydd was awarded the silver chair for the second time.
The 24 metres presented by Dafydd at the Eisteddfod became adopted throughout Wales. While the training of poets had alwys been kept within bardic cirlces, with the craft handed down fron tutor to pupil, Dafydd’s reforms of the metres subsequently increased the segrataion between the “professional elite” and the amateur poets. However the consequence of this, and of Dafydd in particular, was that greater emphasis was placed upon the bardic craft with its adherence to the stricter metres rather than on the content and theme of the poems. The passion and intensity of Dafydd ap Gwilym and Llywelyn Goch ap Meurig Hen was lost.
[edit] Bibliography
- “Welsh Literature - Chapter 7: Poets of the Gentry”, http://www.britannia.com/wales/lit/lit7.html
- Meic Stephens, “The New Companion to the Literature of Wales”, (University of Wales Press, Cardiff 1998)
- Gwyn Williams, "The Burning Tree: Poems from the First Thousand Years of Welsh Verse” (Faber and Faber, 1956). Includes a complete translation of the poems.
- Gwaith Dafydd ab Edmwnd (ed. by Thomas Roberts, Bangor, 1914).
