Darién Gap
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Darién Gap is a large swath of undeveloped swampland and forest separating Panama and Colombia. It measures just over 160 km (100 miles) long and about 50 km (30 miles) wide. It is not possible to cross between South America and Central America by land without passing through the Darién Gap. As roadbuilding through this area is expensive, political consensus in favor of construction has not emerged, and the environmental toll is steep, it is the missing link in a road connection through the American continents.
The Colombian side of the Darién Gap is dominated primarily by the river delta of the Atrato River, which creates a flat marshland at least 80 km (50 miles) wide, half of this being swampland. The Panamanian side, in sharp contrast, is a mountainous rain forest, with terrain reaching from 60 m (200 ft MSL) in the valley floors to 1845 m (5900 ft MSL) at the tallest peaks (Cerro Tacarcuna). The Darién Gap is well known for being full of Africanized honey bees that sting in large numbers[citation needed].
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[edit] Pan-American Highway
The Pan-American Highway is a system of roads measuring about 26,000 km (16,000 miles) long that crosses through the entirety of North, Central, and South America, with the sole exception of the Darién Gap. Thus, the Darién Gap has historically been a sore spot for businesses looking to expand their markets. On the Colombian side, the highway terminates at about 27 km (17 miles) west of Barranquillita, at Lomas Aisiadas (Casa 40) located at . On the Panamanian side, the road terminus is the town of Yaviza at . This marks a straight-line separation of about 100 km (62 statute miles). In between is marshland and forest.
For decades, efforts have been made to remedy this missing link in the Pan-American highway. Planning efforts began in 1971 with the help of U.S. funding, but was halted in 1974 after complaints by environmentalists. Another effort to build the road began in 1992, but by 1994 a United Nations agency revealed that it would cause extensive environmental damage. There is evidence in favor of the argument that the Darién Gap has prevented the spread of diseased cattle into Central and North America, which have not seen foot and mouth disease since 1954, and at least since the 1970s this has been a substantial factor in preventing a road link through Darién Gap. Choco and Cuna Indians have also expressed concern that the road would bring about the potential erosion of their cultures.
A United States Department of Defense Joint Operations Graphic chart published in 1995, as well as Expedia World Maps, show a road under construction linking Yaviza via a western route along the Pacific Colombian coast. The author of this article was unable to determine whether this road is a real feature or not.
As of April 2004 there was no apparent active construction of a road beyond Yaviza, although some improvements to the road as far as Yaviza appeared to be in progress.
[edit] People
The Darién Gap is home to the Choco and Cuna Indians (and former home of the Cueva people before their extermination in the 16th century). Travel is often by dugout canoe. On the Panamanian side, Yaviza is the main cultural center. It had a reported population of 1700 in 1980. Corn and bananas are staple crops wherever land is developed.
[edit] Natural resources
Two major national parks exist in the Darién Gap: Darién National Park in Panama and Los Katios National Park in Colombia. The Darién Gap forests had extensive cedrela and mahogany cover at one time, but many of these trees were removed by loggers.
The Darién National Park covers around 5,790 square kilometres of land and was established in 1980. It is the largest national park in Central America.
[edit] History
The Gap is frequented by Four Wheel drive (4WD) and other vehicles that attempt transcontinental journeys.
The gap itself was first traversed by the Land Rover La Cucaracha Cariñosa (The Affectionate Cockroach) of the Trans-Darién Expedition 1959-60, crewed by Amado Araúz (Panama), his wife Reina Torres de Araúz, the late former SAS man Richard E. Bevir (UK), and engineer Terence John Whitfield (Australia). They left Chepo, Panama on 2 February 1960 and reached Quibdó, Colombia on 17 June 1960, averaging 201 m (220 yd) per hour over 136 days.
In 1972, a Range Rover on the British Trans-Americas Expedition led by John Blashford-Snell became the first vehicle-based expedition to traverse both American continents north-to-south through the Darién Gap.
The first all-land motorcycle crossing was by Robert L. Webb in March 1975. The second all-land auto crossing was in 1978-1979 by Mark A Smith and his team. Smith and his team drove the 400 km (250 mile) stretch of the gap in 30 days using five stock Jeep CJ-7s. Mark Smith has released his book Driven by a Dream, which documents the crossing. The third all-land auto crossing was in 1984 by Loren Upton in a CJ-5 Jeep.
There have been several notable crossings by foot. Sebastian Snow crossed the Gap with Wade Davis in 1975 as part of his unbroken walk from Tierra Del Fuego to Panama City. The trip is documented in his 1976 book The Rucksack Man. In 1981, George Meegan crossed the gap on a similar journey. He too started in Tierra Del Feugo and eventually ended in Alaska. His 1988 biography The Longest Walk describes the trip and includes a 25 page chapter on his foray through the Gap. In 2001, as a part of his Goliath Expedition, a trek to forge an unbroken footpath from the tip of S. America, across the Bering Strait and back to his home in England, Karl Bushby (UK) crossed the gap on foot, using no transport or boats, from Colombia to Panama. The last person known to have successfully crossed the region was Erik Jorgensen (U.S. citizenship) in December 2005.
[edit] Politics
The entire Darién Gap is largely under the control of three Colombian rebel groups. These include the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), a right-wing paramilitary group headed by Carlos Castano; the National Liberation Army (ELN); and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). The AUC has committed widespread human rights violations. The FARC and ELN have also committed serious breaches of international humanitarian law. [1] The U.S. State Department reported that combined, the ELN and FARC have been responsible for 51 kidnappings and ten murders of U.S. citizens. Kidnappings are common for political and financial gain. The AUC has allegedly helped Darien Gap travelers in isolated instances.
Among the political victims of the Darién Gap were three missionaries who disappeared from Pucuro on the Panamanian side in 1993. British travelers were kidnapped in Darién Gap in 2000 and held for nine months, this is documented in the best selling book 'The Cloud Garden' by Tom Hart Dyke and Paul Winder. In 2003, Robert Young Pelton, on assignment for National Geographic, and two teammates were detained by AUC rebels for one week in a highly publicized incident.
