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aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu

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Na-Dené-Sprachen

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Na-Dené Sprachen (blau dargestellt) neben den anderen Sprachfamilien der Welt
Na-Dené Sprachen (blau dargestellt) neben den anderen Sprachfamilien der Welt
Verbreitung der Na-Dené-Sprachen (rot)
Verbreitung der Na-Dené-Sprachen (rot)

Als Na-Dené (ND) bezeichnet man eine weitgehend anerkannte Sprachfamilie der indigenen Völker Nordamerikas. Sicher ist die Verwandtschaft von Athapaskisch und Eyak, wahrscheinlich auch die von Eyak-Athapaskisch mit Tlingit.

Neuere Arbeiten von Werner und Vajda deuten auf eine mögliche Verwandtschaft von Tlingit-Eyak-Athapaskisch (TEA) zum Jenisseischen und möglicherweise auch der Sprache der nur aus chinesischen Quellen bekannten Dingling.

Vajda (2002) gruppiert sogar Jenisseisch innerhalb des Na-Dené näher an TEA als an Haida:

  • Na-Dené (ND)
    • Haida
    • Dené-Jenisseisch
      • Tlingit-Eyak-Athapaskisch (TEA)
        • Eyak-Athapaskisch
          • Athapaskisch
          • Eyak
        • Tlingit
      • Jenisseisch

Die nähere genetische Verwandtschaft der nordamerikanischen Na-Dene-Sprecher zu den Sprechern des Jenisseischen in Eurasien als zu den anderen indigenen amerikanischen Sprachen (Amerindische Sprachen) ist belegt worden (Rubisz et al. 2002). Bereits früher wurden auch beim Phänotyp (Gebiss-Charakteristika) der Na-Dene-Sprecher deutliche Unterschiede zu allen anderen Indianern festgestellt.

Annahmen weiterer Verwandtschaften, etwa zum Sino-Tibetischen oder zu einem an sich schon umstrittenen Nordkaukasischen (zusammengestellt aus Westkaukasisch = Abchasisch-Adygheisch und Ostkaukasisch = Nachisch-Daghestanisch, evtl. unter Heranziehung weiterer Sprachen und kleinerer Familien wie Baskisch-Aquitanisch, Hattisch, Hurrito-Urartäisch und Burúšaski), sind hypothetisch.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

[Bearbeiten] Die Na-Dené-Sprachfamilie

  1. Ahtna (Ahtena)
  2. Babine
  3. Chilcotin (Tinneh)
  4. Chipewyan (Dene, Montagnais)
    1. Yellow Knives (Yellowknife)
  5. Deg Xinag (Deg Hit’an, Ingalik)
  6. Dogrib (Tli Cho)
  7. Hän (Han)
  8. Holikachuk (Innoko)
  9. Koyukon (Ten’a)
  10. Kutchin (Gwich’in)
  11. Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
    1. Kwalhioqua
    2. Clatskanie (Tlatskanie)
  12. Lower Tanana (Minto)
  13. Nicola (Volk)
  14. Sarcee (Sarsi, Tsuu T’ina)
  15. Sekani
  16. Slave (Slavey)
    1. Bearlake (Satudine)
    2. Kawchottine (Hare, Kawchodinne)
    3. Mountain
    4. Slavey
  17. Tahltan (Nahanni)
    1. Kaska
    2. Tagish
    3. Tahltan (Thaltan)
  18. Takulli (Carriers, Dakelh)
  19. Tanacross
  20. Tanaina (Dena’ina)
  21. Tsattine (Beaver, Dunneza)
  22. Tsetsaut
  23. Tutchone
  24. Upper Kushokwin (Kolchan)
  25. Upper Tanana
    1. Nabesna


Apachen-Gruppe

  1. Bedonkohe - Mescalero
    1. Chiricahua
      1. Bedonkohe
      2. Chokonen
      3. Chihenne
      4. Nednhi
    2. Mescalero
  2. Diné (Navajo, Navaho)
  3. Jicarilla
  4. Kiowa-Apachen (Plains Apachen)
  5. Lipan
  6. Westliche Apachen (Coyotero Apachen)
    1. Cibecue-Apachen
    2. San Carlos-Apachen
    3. White Mountain-Apachen
    4. Tonto-Apachen


Westküsten-Gruppe

  1. Galice-Applegate
    1. Applegate
    2. Galice
  2. Hoopa (Hupa)
  3. Eel River
    1. Kato (Cahto)
    2. Wailaki
  4. Mattole-Bear River
    1. Bear River
    2. Mattole
  5. Rogue River (Tututni)
    1. Coquille
    2. Tutuni
  6. Tolowa
    1. Chetco
  7. Upper Umpqua
  • Touga (?)

[Bearbeiten] Literatur

[Bearbeiten] Beschreibungen von Einzelsprachen

[zu ergänzen]

[Bearbeiten] Navajo

Faltz, Leonard M. (1998): The Navajo verb: a grammar for students and scholars. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press

Young, Robert W. & William Morgan sr. (1980/²1987): The Navajo language: a grammar and colloquial dictionary. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press

Young, Robert W. / William Morgan sr. / Sally Midgette (1992): Analytical lexicon of Navajo. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press

[Bearbeiten] San Carlos Apache

de Reuse, Willem & Phillip Goode (2006): A practical grammar of San Carlos Apache. (LINCOM Studies in Native American Linguistics, 51) München: LINCOM

[Bearbeiten] Sarsi

Cook, Eung-Do (1984): A Sarcee grammar. Vancouver, BC: British Columbia UP

[Bearbeiten] Slave

Rice, Keren D. (1988): A grammar of Slave. (Mouton Grammar Library, 5) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter

[Bearbeiten] Historisch-Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft des Na-Dene

[zu ergänzen]

Dürr, Michael & al. (1995): Language and culture in Native North America: studies in honour of H.-J- Pinnow. München: LINCOM

Fernald, Theodore B. & Paul R. Platero (2000): The Athabaskan languages: perspectives on a Native American language family. (Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics) Oxford: OUP

Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen (1966): Grundzüge einer historischen Lautlehre des Tlingit: ein Versuch. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz

Rice, Keren D. (2000): Morpheme order and semantic scope: word formation in the Athapaskan verb. (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics) Cambridge: CUP

[Bearbeiten] Na-Dene und Jenisseisch

Radin, Paul (1919): The genetic relationship of the North American Indian languages. University of California Publications in Archaeology and Ethnology 14: 489-502

Rubicz, R., Melvin, K.L., Crawford, M.H. 2002. Genetic Evidence for the phylogenetic relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian speakers. Human Biology, Dec 1 2002 74 (6) 743-761.

Vajda, Edward J. (1995): (1995): 'Ecological History and the World Distribution of Languages. Read at: Columbia Basin Community College, Feb. 1995

(1996): Disease and Language Distribution. Read at: Peninsula College, Oct. 1996
(1997): Ecology and the World Distribution of Languages.' Read at: Spokane Community College, March, 1997
(1998): Ecological Linguistics (in Russian). Read at: Tomsk State University, Feb. 1998
(1998): Ecological history and the World distribution of languages. Read at: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Oct., 1998
(2000): Evidence for a genetic connection between Na-Dene and Yeniseian (Central Siberia). -- Paper read at: January 2000 meeting of Society for the Study of Indigenous Languages of America (SSILA) and Linguistic Society of America (LSA)
(2000): Yeniseian and Na Dene: evidence for a genetic relationship. Read at: 38th Conference on American Indian Languages (SSILA), Chicago, Jan. 2000
(2000): Yeniseian and Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.' Read at: Linguistics Department Colloquium, University of British Columbia, Mar. 2000
(2000): Ket verb morphology and its parallels with Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit: evidence of a genetic link. read at: Athabaskan Language Conference, Moricetown, BC, June 9, 2000
(2000): Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit and Yeniseian: lexical and phonological parallels. Read at: 39th Conference on American Indian Languages, San Francisco, Nov. 14-18, 2000
(2001): Toward a typology of position class: comparing Navajo and Ket verb morphology. Read at: SSILA Summer Meeting, July 7, 2001
(2001): Linguistic relations across Bering Strait: Siberia and the Native Americans. Read at: Bureau of Faculty Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, March 8, 2001
(2002): The origin of phonemic tone in Yeniseic. CLS 37 (Parasession on Arctic languages): 305-320
(2004): Ket. (Languages of the World, Materials, 204) München: LINCOM Europa

Werner, Heinrich K. (2004): Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz

Static Wikipedia 2008 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2007 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

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aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu