Equine infectious anemia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Equine Infectious Anemia or Equine Infectious Anaemia (EIA), is a horse disease caused by a retrovirus and transmitted by bloodsucking insects. The virus is endemic in the Americas, parts of Europe, the Middle and Far East, Russia, and South Africa. EIA can be transmitted through blood, saliva, milk, urine, and body secretions. Transmission is usually through blood-sucking insects, such as the horse-fly and deer-fly. Contaminated surgical equipment and recycled needles and syringes can also transmit the disease. Mares can transmit the disease to their foals via the placenta. The risk of transmitting the disease is greatest when an infected horse is ill, as the blood levels of the disease are high enough to infect the blood-feeding insects.
[edit] Stages of EIA
Acute: The acute form is a sudden onset of the disease at full-force. Symptoms include high fever, anemia (due to the breakdown of red blood cells), weakness, swelling of the lower abdomen and legs, weak pulse, and irregular heartbeat. The horse may die suddenly. Mortality rate is high.
Subacute: A slower, less severe progression of the disease. Symptoms include recurrent fever, weight loss, an enlargered spleen (felt during a rectal examination), anemia, and swelling of the lower chest, abdominal wall, penile sheath, scrotum, and legs.
Chronic: Horse tires easily and is unsuitable for work. May have a recurrent fever and anemia, may relapse to the subacute or acute form even several years after the original attack.
A horse may also not appear to have any symptoms, yet still tests positive for EIA antibodies. This horse can still pass on the disease.
EIA may cause abortion in pregnant mares. This may occur at any time during the pregnancy if there is a relapse when the virus enters the blood. Most infected mares will abort, however some give birth to healthy foals.
[edit] Prevention and Treatment of EIA
Currently, there is no vaccine for EIA. The virus can be variable, which makes it hard to produce one. Do not reuse syringes and needles. Currently in the United States, all horses that test positive must be reported to federal authorities by the testing laboratory. Options for the horse include sending the horse to a recognized research facility, branding the horse and quarantining it at least 200 yards from other horses for the rest of its life, and euthanizing the horse. EIA-positive horses are infected for life. The danger that they may spread the disease, even if they are not showing any clinical signs, is enough of a reason to enforce such stringent rules.
[edit] The Coggins Test
The Coggins Test(agar immunodiffusion)is a sensitive diagnostic test for Equine Infectious Anemia developed by Dr. Leroy Coggins in the 1970's.
Currently, the USDA does not have an eradication program due to the low rate of incidence, however many states require a negative Coggins test for interstate travel. In addition, most horse shows and events require a negative Coggins test. Most countries require a negative test result before allowing an imported horse into the country.
It is recommended to verify that all the horses at a breeding farm and or boarding facility have a negative Coggins test before using their services. A Coggins Test should be done on an annual basis. Tests every 6 months is recommended if there is increased traveling.
