Explosive lens
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An explosive lens, as used for example in nuclear weapons, is a highly specialized explosive charge. In general, it is a device composed of several explosive charges that are shaped in such a way as to change the shape of the detonation wave passing through it; conceptually similar to the effect of an optical lens on light. The explosive charges that make it up have different rates of detonation, just as an optical lens is composed of media having different effect on the velocities of light passing though them. To convert spherically expanding wavefront into spherically converging by single boundary between fast and slow explosives, the boundary shape must be hyperbolic; to convert spherically diverging front into the flat one - parabolic, and so on. Several boundaries can be used to reduce aberrations (deviations from intended shape) of the final wavefront.The physics that pertains to the universal behavior of all waves is known to all students of general college physics. These physical principles provide the means, for designing the lenses to achieve the shaping of high explosive shock waves.
In a nuclear weapon, an array of explosive lenses is used to change the several approximately spherical diverging detonation waves into a single spherical converging one. The converging wave is then used to collapse the various shells (tamper, reflector, pusher, etc.) and finally compresses the core (pit) of fissionable material to a super-critical state. They are usually machined from a plastic bonded explosive (PBX) and an inert insert, called a wave-shaper, which is often a dense foam or plastic, though many other materials can be used. Other, mainly older explosive lenses do not include a wave shaper, but employ two explosive types that have significantly different velocities of detonation (VoD), which are in the range from 5 to 9 km/s. The use of the low- and high-speed explosives again results in a spherical converging detonation wave to compress the physics package. The original Gadget device used in the Trinity test and Fat Man dropped on Nagasaki used Baratol as the low-VoD explosive and Composition B as the fast, but other combinations can be used.
The illustration to the left represents a cross section through a segment of a polygonal wedge. The wedges are fitted together to form a spherical device. The exploding-bridgewire detonator at the left triggers a semi-spherical detonation wave through the high-speed outer explosive. As the wave is transferred to the precisely shaped inner explosive, a new spherical wave — centered on the object — is formed. The successful functioning of this device hinges on the simultaneous initiation of the wave in each segment, uniformity and precision in the speed of the wave, and correctness and accuracy in the shape of the interface between the two explosives.
