60th United States Congress
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The Sixtieth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, comprised of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from March 4, 1907 to March 3, 1909, during the last two years of the second administration of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.
The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Twelfth Census of the United States in 1900. Both chambers had a Republican majority.
[edit] Dates of sessions
- First session: December 2, 1907 - May 30, 1908
- Second session: December 7, 1908 - March 3, 1909 — a lame duck session
Previous congress: 59th Congress
Next congress: 61st Congress
[edit] Major events
- Main article: Events of 1905; Events of 1906; Events of 1907
[edit] Major Legislation
- May 30, 1908 - Aldrich-Vreeland Act, ch. 229, 35 Stat. 546
[edit] Leadership
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
[edit] Senate
[edit] House of Representatives
[edit] Members
[edit] Senate
- 2. John T. Morgan (Dem.) ...died June 11, 1907
- John H. Bankhead (Dem.) ...appointed to fill vacancy, June 18, 1907
- 3. Edmund W. Pettus (Dem.) ...died July 27, 1907
- Joseph F. Johnston (Dem.) ...appointed to fill vacancy, August 8, 1907
- 3. James P. Clarke (Dem.)
- 2. Jeff Davis (Dem.)
- 3. George C. Perkins (Rep.)
- 1. Frank P. Flint (Rep.)
- 3. Henry M. Teller (Dem.)
- 2. Simon Guggenheim (Rep.)
- 1. Morgan G. Bulkeley (Rep.)
- 3. Frank B. Brandegee (Rep.)
- 1. Henry A. du Pont (Rep.)
- 2. Harry A. Richardson (Rep.)
- 3. Stephen Mallory (Dem.) ...died December 23, 1907
- William J. Bryan (Dem.) ...appointed to fill vacancy, December 27, 1907, died March 22, 1908
- William H. Milton (Dem.) ...appointed to fill vacancy, March 27, 1908
- 2. James P. Taliaferro (Dem.)
- 2. Augustus O. Bacon (Dem.)
- 3. Alexander S. Clay (Dem.)
- 3. Weldon B. Heyburn (Rep.)
- 2. William E. Borah (Rep.)
- 2. Shelby M. Cullom (Rep.)
- 3. Albert J. Hopkins (Rep.)
- 1. Albert J. Beveridge (Rep.)
- 3. James A. Hemenway (Rep.)
- 3. William B. Allison (Rep.) ...died August 4, 1908
- Albert B. Cummins (Rep.) ...appointed to fill vacancy, November 24, 1908
- 2. Jonathan P. Dolliver (Rep.)
- 3. Chester I. Long (Rep.)
- 2. Charles Curtis (Rep.)
- 3. James B. McCreary (Dem.)
- 2. Thomas H. Paynter (Dem.)
- 3. Samuel D. McEnery (Dem.)
- 2. Murphy J. Foster (Dem.)
- 1. Eugene Hale (Rep.)
- 2. William P. Frye (Rep.)
- 1. Isidor Rayner (Dem.)
- 3. William P. Whyte (Dem.) ...died March 17, 1908
- John W. Smith (Dem.) ...appointed to fill vacancy, March 25, 1908
- 1. Henry Cabot Lodge (Rep.)
- 2: Winthrop M. Crane (Rep.)
- 1. Julius C. Burrows (Rep.)
- 2. William A. Smith (Rep.)
- 2. Knute Nelson (Rep.)
- 1. Moses E. Clapp (Rep.)
- 1. Hernando D. Money (Dem.)
- 2. Anselm J. McLaurin (Dem.)
- 3. William J. Stone (Dem.)
- 1. William Warner (Rep.)
- 1. Thomas H. Carter (Rep.)
- 2. Joseph M. Dixon (Rep.)
- 1. Elmer J. Burkett (Rep.)
- 2. Norris Brown (Rep.)
- 3. Francis G. Newlands (Dem.)
- 1. George S. Nixon (Rep.)
- 3. Jacob H. Gallinger (Rep.)
- 2. Henry E. Burnham (Rep.)
- 1. John Kean (Rep.)
- 2. Frank O. Briggs (Rep.)
- 3. Thomas C. Platt (Rep.)
- 1. Chauncey M. Depew (Rep.)
- 2. Furnifold M. Simmons (Dem.)
- 3. Lee S. Overman (Dem.)
- 3. Henry C. Hansbrough (Rep.)
- 1. Porter J. McCumber (Rep.)
- 3. Joseph B. Foraker (Rep.)
- 1: Charles W. F. Dick (Rep.)
- 3. Thomas P. Gore (Dem.) ...newly admitted state, seated December 11, 1907
- 2. Robert L. Owen (Dem.) ...newly admitted state, seated December 11, 1907
- 3. Charles W. Fulton (Rep.)
- 2. Jonathan Bourne, Jr. (Rep.)
- 3. Boies Penrose (Rep.)
- 1. Philander C. Knox (Rep.)
- 1. Nelson W. Aldrich (Rep.)
- 2. George P. Wetmore (Rep.)
- 2. Benjamin R. Tillman (Dem.)
- 3. Asbury C. Latimer (Dem.) ...died February 20, 1908
- Frank B. Gary (Dem.) ...appointed to fill vacancy, March 6, 1908
- 2. Robert J. Gamble (Rep.)
- 3. Alfred B. Kittredge Rep.)
- 1. James B. Frazier (Dem.)
- 2. Robert L. Taylor (Dem.)
- 1. Charles A. Culberson (Dem.)
- 2. Joseph W. Bailey (Dem.)
- 3. Reed Smoot (Rep.)
- 1. George Sutherland (Rep.)
- 1. Redfield Proctor (Rep.) ...died March 4, 1908
- John W. Stewart (Rep.) ...appointed to fill vacancy, March 24, 1908, served until October 21, 1908
- Carroll S. Page (Rep.) ...appointed to fill vacancy, October 21, 1908
- 3. William P. Dillingham (Rep.)
- 1. John W. Daniel (Dem.)
- 2. Thomas S. Martin (Dem.)
- 3. Levi Ankeny (Rep.)
- 1. Samuel H. Piles (Rep.)
- 2. Stephen B. Elkins (Rep.)
- 1. Nathan B. Scott (Rep.)
- 3. John C. Spooner (Rep.) ...resigned April 30, 1907
- Isaac Stephenson (Rep.) ...appointed to fill vacancy, May 17, 1907
- 1. Robert M. La Follette, Sr. (Rep.)
- 1. Clarence D. Clark (Rep.)
- 2. Francis E. Warren (Rep.)
[edit] House of Representatives
- John Lawson Burnett (Dem.)
- Henry D. Clayton (Dem.)
- William Benjamin Craig (Dem.)
- James Thomas Heflin (Dem.)
- Richmond Pearson Hobson (Dem.)
- William Lafayette Richardson (Dem.)
- Ariosto Appling Wiley (Dem.)
- Oliver Cicero Wiley (Dem.)
- George Washington Taylor (Dem.)
- Oscar Wilder Underwood (Dem.)
- Stephen Brundidge, Jr. (Dem.)
- William Ben Cravens (Dem.)
- John Charles Floyd (Dem.)
- Charles Chester Reid (Dem.)
- Joseph Taylor Robinson (Dem.)
- Robert Bruce Macon (Dem.)
- Robert Minor Wallace (Dem.)
- William Fellows Englebright (Rep.)
- Everis Anson Hayes (Rep.)
- Duncan E. McKinlay (Rep.)
- James McLachlan (Rep.)
- Julius Kahn (Rep.)
- Joseph Russell Knowland (Rep.)
- James Carson Needham (Rep.)
- Sylvester Clark Smith (Rep.)
- Edward Stevens Henry (Rep.)
- Edwin Werter Higgins (Rep.)
- Ebenezer J. Hill (Rep.)
- George Leavens Lilley (Rep.)
- Nehemiah Day Sperry (Rep.)
- Hiram Rodney Burton (Rep.)
- Frank Clark (Dem.)
- William Bailey Lamar (Dem.)
- Stephen Milancthon Sparkman (Dem.)
- William Charles Adamson (Dem.)
- Charles Lafayette Bartlett (Dem.)
- Thomas Montgomery Bell (Dem.)
- William Gordon Brantley (Dem.)
- Charles Gordon Edwards (Dem.)
- James Mathews Griggs (Dem.)
- Thomas William Hardwick (Dem.)
- William Marcellus Howard (Dem.)
- Gordon Lee (Dem.)
- Elijah Banks Lewis (Dem.)
- Leonidas Felix Livingston (Dem.)
- Henry Sherman Boutell (Rep.)
- Ben Franklin Caldwell (Dem.)
- Joseph Gurney Cannon (Rep.)
- Pleasant Thomas Chapman (Rep.)
- George Edmund Foss (Rep.)
- Martin David Foster (Dem.)
- Charles Eugene Fuller (Rep.)
- Joseph Verdi Graff (Rep.)
- Philip Knopf (Rep.)
- William Lorimer (Rep.)
- Frank Orren Lowden (Rep.)
- Martin Barnaby Madden (Rep.)
- James Robert Mann (Rep.)
- James Thomas McDermott (Dem.)
- Charles McGavin (Rep.)
- William Brown McKinley (Rep.)
- James McKinney (Rep.)
- George Washington Prince (Rep.)
- Henry Thomas Rainey (Dem.)
- William August Rodenberg (Rep.)
- Adolph Joachim Sabath (Dem.)
- George Washington Smith (Rep.)
- Howard Malcolm Snapp (Rep.)
- John Allen Sterling (Rep.)
- Napoleon Bonaparte Thistlewood (Rep.)
- William Warfield Wilson (Rep.)
- John Alfred Adair (Dem.)
- Henry A. Barnhart (Dem.)
- Abraham Lincoln Brick (Rep.)
- John Crawford Chaney (Rep.)
- William Elijah Cox (Dem.)
- Edgar Dean Crumpacker (Rep.)
- Lincoln Dixon (Dem.)
- John Hopkins Foster (Rep.)
- Clarence Chauncey Gilhams (Rep.)
- Elias Selah Holliday (Rep.)
- Charles Beary Landis (Rep.)
- Jesse Edgar Overstreet (Rep.)
- George Washington Rauch (Dem.)
- James Eli Watson (Rep.)
- Benjamin Pixley Birdsall (Rep.)
- James Perry Conner (Rep.)
- Robert Gordon Cousins (Rep.)
- Albert Foster Dawson (Rep.)
- Daniel Webster Hamilton (Dem.)
- Gilbert Nelson Haugen (Rep.)
- William Peters Hepburn (Rep.)
- Elbert Hamilton Hubbard (Rep.)
- John Albert Hull (Rep.)
- Charles Augustus Kennedy (Rep.)
- Walter Inglewood Smith (Rep.)
- Daniel Read Anthony (Rep.)
- William Alexander Calderhead (Rep.)
- Philip Pitt Campbell (Rep.)
- Victor Murdock (Rep.)
- William Augustus Reeder (Rep.)
- Charles Frederick Scott (Rep.)
- Edmond Haggard Madison (Rep.)
- James Monroe Miller (Rep.)
- Joseph Bentley Bennett (Rep.)
- Don Calvin Edwards (Rep.)
- Harvey Helm (Dem.)
- Addison Davis James (Rep.)
- Ollie Murray James (Dem.)
- Ben Johnson (Dem.)
- William Preston Kimball (Dem.)
- John Wesley Langley (Rep.)
- Joseph Lafayette Rhinock (Dem.)
- Joseph Swagar Sherley (Dem.)
- Augustus Owsley Stanley (Dem.)
- Robert Foligny Broussard (Dem.)
- Robert Charles Davey (Dem.)
- Albert Estopinal (Dem.)
- George Kent Favrot (Dem.)
- Arsène Paulin Pujo (Dem.)
- Joseph Eugene Ransdell (Dem.)
- Adolph Meyer (Dem.)
- John Thomas Watkins (Dem.)
- Amos Lawrence Allen (Rep.)
- Edwin Chick Burleigh (Rep.)
- Frank Edward Guernsey (Rep.)
- Charles Edgar Littlefield (Rep.)
- Llewellyn William Powers (Rep.)
- John Philip Swasey (Rep.)
- John Gill, Jr. (Dem.)
- William Humphreys Jackson (Rep.)
- Sydney Emanuel Mudd (Rep.)
- George Alexander Pearre (Rep.)
- Joshua Frederick Talbott (Dem.)
- Harry Benjamin Wolf (Dem.)
- Butler Ames (Rep.)
- Augustus Peabody Gardner (Rep.)
- Frederick Huntington Gillett (Rep.)
- William Stedman Greene (Rep.)
- John Austin Keliher (Dem.)
- George Pelton Lawrence (Rep.)
- William Croad Lovering (Rep.)
- Samuel Walker McCall (Rep.)
- Joseph Francis O'Connell (Dem.)
- Andrew James Peters (Dem.)
- Ernest William Roberts (Rep.)
- Charles Quincy Tirrell (Rep.)
- Charles Grenfill Washburn (Rep.)
- John Wingate Weeks (Rep.)
- Archibald Bard Darragh (Rep.)
- Edwin Denby (Rep.)
- Gerrit John Diekema (Rep.)
- Joseph Warren Fordney (Rep.)
- Washington Gardner (Rep.)
- Edward L. Hamilton (Rep.)
- George Alvin Loud (Rep.)
- James Campbell McLaughlin (Rep.)
- Henry Gordon McMorran (Rep.)
- Samuel William Smith (Rep.)
- Charles Elroy Townsend (Rep.)
- H. Olin Young (Rep.)
- James Bede (Rep.)
- Charles Russell Davis (Rep.)
- Winfield Scott Hammond (Dem.)
- Halvor Steenerson (Rep.)
- Frederick Stevens (Rep.)
- James Albertus Tawney (Rep.)
- Andrew Volstead (Rep.)
- Charles August Lindbergh (Rep.)
- Frank Nye (Rep.)
- Eaton Jackson Bowers (Dem.)
- Adam Monroe Byrd (Dem.)
- Ezekiel Samuel Candler (Dem.)
- Wilson Shedric Hill (Dem.)
- Benjamin Grubb Humphreys (Dem.)
- Frank Alexander McLain (Dem.)
- Thomas Day Spight (Dem.)
- John Sharp Williams (Dem.)
- Joshua Willis Alexander (Dem.)
- Richard Bartholdt (Rep.)
- Charles Ferris Booher (Dem.)
- Henry Stewart Caulfield (Rep.)
- Champ Clark (Dem.)
- Harry Marcy Coudrey (Rep.)
- David Albaugh De Armond (Dem.)
- Edgar Clarence Ellis (Rep.)
- Thomas Hackney (Dem.)
- Courtney Walker Hamlin (Dem.)
- William Waller Rucker (Dem.)
- Joseph James Russell (Dem.)
- Dorsey William Shackleford (Dem.)
- Madison Roswell Smith (Dem.)
- James Robert Lamar (Dem.)
- James Tilghman Lloyd (Dem.)
- Charles Nelson Pray (Rep.)
- John Frank Boyd (Rep.)
- Edmund Howard Hinshaw (Rep.)
- Gilbert Monell Hitchcock (Dem.)
- Moses Pierce Kinkaid (Rep.)
- George William Norris (Rep.)
- Ernest Mark Pollard (Rep.)
- George Arthur Bartlett (Dem.)
- Frank Dunklee Currier (Rep.)
- Cyrus Adams Sulloway (Rep.)
- Charles Newell Fowler (Rep.)
- John James Gardner (Rep.)
- James Alphonsus Hamill (Dem.)
- Benjamin Franklin Howell (Rep.)
- William Hughes (Dem.)
- Eugene Walter Leake (Dem.)
- Henry Clay Loudenslager (Rep.)
- Richard Wayne Parker (Rep.)
- Le Gage Pratt (Dem.)
- Ira Wells Wood (Rep.)
- De Alva S. Alexander (Rep.)
- John Emory Andrus (Rep.)
- William Stiles Bennet (Rep.)
- Thomas Wilson Bradley (Rep.)
- William Musgrave Calder (Rep.)
- William Bourke Cockran (Dem.)
- William Willets Cocks (Rep.)
- William Henry Draper (Rep.)
- Michael Edward Driscoll (Rep.)
- Charles Tappan Dunwell (Rep.)
- Cyrus Durey (Rep.)
- John Wilbur Dwight (Rep.)
- George Winthrop Fairchild (Rep.)
- Jacob Sloat Fassett
- John Joseph Fitzgerald (Dem.)
- Otto Godfrey Foelker (Rep.)
- Charles Vincent Fornes (Dem.)
- Henry Mayer Goldfogle (Dem.)
- Joseph Aloysius Goulden (Dem.)
- Francis Burton Harrison (Dem.)
- Charles Luman Knapp (Rep.)
- Charles Blakeslee Law (Rep.)
- George Henry Lindsay (Dem.)
- George Roland Malby (Rep.)
- Samuel McMillan (Rep.)
- Jacob Van Olcott (Rep.)
- Herbert Henry Parsons (Rep.)
- Sereno Elisha Payne (Rep.)
- James Breck Perkins (Rep.)
- Daniel Joseph Riordan (Dem.)
- William Henry Ryan (Dem.)
- James Schoolcraft Sherman (Rep.)
- George Newell Southwick (Rep.)
- William Adams Sulzer (Dem.)
- Edward Butterfield Vreeland (Rep.)
- George Ernest Waldo (Rep.)
- William Forte Willett (Dem.)
- Peter Augustus Porter (Indep R)
- William Thomas Crawford (Dem.)
- Hannibal Lafayette Godwin (Dem.)
- Richard Nathaniel Hackett (Dem.)
- Claude Kitchin (Dem.)
- William Walton Kitchin (Dem.)
- John Humphrey Small (Dem.)
- Charles Randolph Thomas (Dem.)
- Robert Newton Page (Dem.)
- Edward William Pou (Dem.)
- Edwin Yates Webb (Dem.)
- Timothy Thomas Ansberry (Dem.)
- William Albert Ashbrook (Dem.)
- Henry Towne Bannon (Rep.)
- Theodore Elijah Burton (Rep.)
- Ralph Dayton Cole (Rep.)
- Beman Gates Dawes (Rep.)
- Matthew Rombach Denver (Dem.)
- Albert Douglas (Rep.)
- Herman Philip Goebel (Rep.)
- J. Eugene Harding (Rep.)
- Leonard Paul Howland (Rep.)
- Joseph Warren Keifer (Rep.)
- James Kennedy (Rep.)
- Jay Ford Laning (Rep.)
- Nicholas Longworth (Rep.)
- Grant Earl Mouser (Rep.)
- Isaac R. Sherwood (Dem.)
- Edward Livingston Taylor (Rep.)
- William Aubrey Thomas (Rep.)
- William Ellsworth Tou Velle (Dem.)
- Capell Lane Weems (Rep.)
- Charles David Carter (Dem.)
- James Sanford Davenport (Dem.)
- Scott Ferris (Dem.)
- Elmer Lincoln Fulton (Dem.)
- Bird Segle McGuire (Rep.)
- William Russell Ellis (Rep.)
- Willis Chatman Hawley (Rep.)
- Ernest Francis Acheson (Rep.)
- Andrew Jackson Barchfeld (Rep.)
- Charles Frederick Barclay (Rep.)
- Arthur Laban Bates (Rep.)
- Joseph Grant Beale (Rep.)
- Henry Harrison Bingham (Rep.)
- Joseph Davis Brodhead
- Charles Napoleon Brumm (Rep.)
- James Francis Burke (Rep.)
- Thomas Stalker Butler (Rep.)
- Henry Burd Cassel (Rep.)
- Joel Cook (Rep.)
- Allen Foster Cooper (Rep.)
- John Dalzell (Rep.)
- Benjamin Kurtz Focht (Rep.)
- William Walker Foulkrod (Rep.)
- William Harrison Graham (Rep.)
- George Franklin Huff (Rep.)
- George Washington Kipp (Dem.)
- Daniel Franklin Lafean (Rep.)
- John Thomas Lenahan (Dem.)
- George Deardorff McCreary (Rep.)
- John Geiser McHenry (Dem.)
- Reuben Osborne Moon (Rep.)
- Joseph Hampton Moore (Rep.)
- Marlin Edgar Olmsted (Rep.)
- John Edgar Reyburn (Rep.)
- John Merriman Reynolds (Rep.)
- John Hoover Rothermel (Dem.)
- Irving Price Wanger (Rep.)
- Nelson Platt Wheeler (Rep.)
- William Bauchop Wilson (Dem.)
- Thomas David Nicholls (Independent Democrat-PA)
- Wyatt Aiken (Dem.)
- James Edwin Ellerbe (Dem.)
- David Edward Finley (Dem.)
- Asbury Francis Lever (Dem.)
- Joseph Travis Johnson (Dem.)
- James O'hanlon Patterson (Dem.)
- Philo Hall (Rep.)
- Eben Wever Martin (Rep.)
- William Henry Parker
- Walter Preston Brownlow (Rep.)
- John Wesley Gaines (Dem.)
- Finis James Garrett (Dem.)
- George Washington Gordon (Dem.)
- Nathan Wesley Hale (Rep.)
- William Cannon Houston (Dem.)
- Cordell Hull (Dem.)
- Thetus Willrette Sims (Dem.)
- John Austin Moon (Dem.)
- Lemuel Phillips Padgett (Dem.)
- James Andrew Beall (Dem.)
- George Farmer Burgess (Dem.)
- Albert Sidney Burleson (Dem.)
- Samuel Bronson Cooper (Dem.)
- John Nance Garner (Dem.)
- Oscar William Gillespie (Dem.)
- Alexander White Gregg (Dem.)
- Rufus Hardy (Dem.)
- Robert Lee Henry (Dem.)
- Morris William Sheppard (Dem.)
- James Luther Slayden (Dem.)
- John Hall Stephens (Dem.)
- Choice Boswell Randell (Dem.)
- Gordon James Russell (Dem.)
- John Matthew Moore (Dem.)
- William Robert Smith (Dem.)
- Joseph Howell (Rep.)
- Charles Creighton Carlin (Dem.)
- Henry De La Warr Flood (Dem.)
- Carter Glass (Dem.)
- James Hay (Dem.)
- William Atkinson Jones (Dem.)
- John Lamb (Dem.)
- Francis Rives Lassiter (Dem.)
- Harry Lee Maynard (Dem.)
- John Franklin Rixey (Dem.)
- Edward Watts Saunders (Dem.)
- Campbell Luther Slemp (Rep.)
- Campbell Bascom Slemp (Rep.)
- Francis Wellington Cushman (Rep.)
- William Ewart Humphrey (Rep.)
- Wesley Livsey Jones (Rep.)
- Joseph Holt Gaines (Rep.)
- William Pallister Hubbard (Rep.)
- James Anthony Hughes (Rep.)
- Harry Chapman Woodyard (Rep.)
- George Cookman Sturgiss (Rep.)
- William Joseph Cary (Rep.)
- Henry Allen Cooper (Rep.)
- James Henry Davidson (Rep.)
- John Jacob Esch (Rep.)
- Elmer Addison Morse (Rep.)
- James William Murphy (Dem.)
- Gustav Küstermann (Rep.)
- John James Jenkins (Rep.)
- John Mandt Nelson (Rep.)
- Charles Herman Weisse (Dem.)
- William Henry Stafford (Rep.)
[edit] Delegates
- Alaska Territory
- Thomas Cale, Independent
- Arizona Territory
- Hawaii Territory
- New Mexico Territory
[edit] Resident Commissioners
- Benito Legarda y Tuason, Philippine Islands
- Pablo Ocampo, Philippine Islands
- Tuilo Larrinaga, Unionist, Puerto Rico
[edit] Officers
[edit] Senate
- Secretary of the Senate:
- Charles G. Bennett of New York, elected February 1, 1900.
- Sergeant at Arms of the Senate:
- Daniel M. Ransdell of Indiana, elected February 1, 1900.
- Chaplain of the Senate
- The Rev. Edward E. Hale, Unitarian, elected December 14, 1903.
[edit] House of Representatives
- Clerk of the House:
- Alexander McDowell of Pennsylvania, elected December 2, 1907.
- Sergeant at Arms of the House:
- Henry Casson of Wisconsin, elected December 2, 1907.
- Doorkeeper of the House:
- Frank B. Lyon of New York, elected December 2, 1907.
- Postmaster of the House:
- Samuel Langum of New York, elected December 2, 1907.
- Clerk at the Speaker’s Table:
- Asher C. Hinds
- Chaplain of the House
- The Rev. Henry N. Couden, Universalist, elected December 2, 1907.
[edit] Other
- Architect of the Capitol:
- Elliott Woods, appointed February 19, 1902.
[edit] References
- Gould, Lewis L. (2005). The Most Exclusive Club. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books Group. 0-465-02778-4.
- Remini, Robert V. (2006). The House. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. 0-06-088434-7.
- U.S. Congress (2005). Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress. Retrieved on June 1, 2006.
- U.S. House of Representatives (2006). Congressional History. Retrieved on June 1, 2006.
- U.S. Senate (2006). Statistics and Lists. Retrieved on June 1, 2006.
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