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Aisha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Aisha

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


The Wives of Muhammad

Khadijah bint Khuwaylid

Sawda bint Zama*

Aisha*

Hafsa bint Umar

Zaynab bint Khuzayma

Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya

Zaynab bint Jahsh

Juwayriya bint al-Harith

Ramlah bint Abi-Sufyan

Safiyya bint Huyayy

Maymuna bint al-Harith

Maria al-Qibtiyya**

*succession disputed **disputed

Aisha bint Abu Bakr (Arabic عائشة `ā'isha, "she who lives", also transcribed as A'ishah, Ayesha, 'A'isha, or 'Aisha, Turkish Ayşe, Ottoman Turkish Âişe etc.) was a wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In Islamic writings, she is thus often referred to by the title "Mother of the Believers" (Arabic: أمّ المؤمنين umm-al-mu'minīn), per the description of Muhammad's wives as "Mothers of Believers" in The Qur'an (33.6). She is quoted as source for many hadith (traditions about Muhammad's life), with Muhammad's personal life being the topic of most narrations.

Aisha is a controversial figure because of differing portrayals of her in Shi'a versions of Islamic history and her role in the First Islamic civil war at the head of an army against Ali ibn Abu Talib in the Battle of Bassorah.[1] She is also known for the controversy over her age at marriage.

Contents

[edit] Early life

It is not clear when Aisha was born. Most scholars calculate her age, by reference to the date of her marriage to Muhammad (622) and then subtracting her age at marriage. Her age of marriage is usually given as nine, placing her birth at around 613, but the issue is controversial and other theories about her age have been proposed.

Aisha was the daughter of Umm Rumman and Abu Bakr of Mecca. Abu Bakr belonged to the Banu Taim sub-clan of the tribe of Quraysh, the tribe to which Muhammad also belonged. Aisha is said to have followed her father in accepting Islam when she was still young. She also joined him in his migration to Ethiopia in 615 AD; a number of Mecca's Muslims emigrated then, seeking refuge from persecution by the Meccans who still followed their pre-Islamic religions.

According to the early Islamic historian al-Tabari, Aisha's father tried to spare her the dangers and discomfort of the journey by solemnizing her marriage to her fiance, Jubayr, son of Mut`am ibn `Adi. However, Mut’am refused to honor the long-standing betrothal, as he did not wish his family to be connected to the Muslim outcasts. The emigration to Ethiopia proved temporary and Abu Bakr's family returned to Mecca within a few years. Aisha was then betrothed to Muhammad.

[edit] Aisha's marriage to Muhammad

Aisha's marriage was delayed until after the Hijra, or migration to Medina, in 622. Aisha and her older sister Asma only moved to Medina after Muhammad had already fled there. Abu Bakr gave Muhammad the money to build a house for himself. After this, the wedding was celebrated very simply.

[edit] Age at marriage

The age of Aisha at marriage is an unsettled issue, and the subject of increasing attention in recent years. Several hadiths said to have been narrated by Aisha herself, such as Sahih Bukhari 5:58:234 and Sahih Muslim 8:3311, state she was six or seven years old when betrothed to Muhammad and nine years old when married or when the marriage was consummated.[2] Other traditional material (hadith, sira, etc.) suggests that Aisha may have been anywhere from twelve to nineteen years old when she married.[3][4][5] Critics of Muhammad accept the Muslim tradition that she was as young as nine years old, and believe this reflects negatively on his character. Others, such as historian William Montgomery Watt, claim these are presentist critiques, anachronistically judging Muhammad by modern standards of morality rather than by those of his contemporaries.[6]

[edit] Status as "favorite wife"

Even though the marriage may have been politically motivated, to mark the ties between Muhammad and his companion Abu Bakr, most early accounts say that Muhammad and Aisha became sincerely fond of each other. Aisha is usually described as Muhammad's favorite wife, and it was in her company that the Prophet reportedly received the most revelations.[1] Aisha is believed to have been Muhammad's only virgin wife. Shi'a Muslims would disagree with this description. They adduce the following episodes as proof that Muhammad and Aisha's marriage did not always go smoothly.

[edit] Aisha accused of adultery

Aisha was traveling with her husband Muhammad and some of his followers. She left camp in the morning to search for her lost necklace; when she returned, she found that the company had broken camp and left without her. She waited patiently for half a day, until she was rescued by a man named Safwan ibn Al-Muattal and taken to rejoin the caravan.

The scene of Aisha returning to the caravan with another man gave rise to the rumour that she had committed adultery with Safwan. The Munafiqun and the women are reported to have taken up the rumour most readily. While Muhammad was in doubt, he consulted with his household: his adoptive son Zayd defended Aisha's reputation, while Ali urged Muhammad to divorce Aisha and vehemently interrogated her slave girl who stated that she only knew good of her mistress. Aisha steadfastly proclaimed her innocence. Shortly after this, Muhammad announced that he had received a revelation confirming Aisha's innocence and directing him that adultery be proven by four eyewitnesses, rather than simply inferred from opportunity. (Surah 24:04)

Muhammad also rebuked those who had slandered his wife (Surah 24:11) and ordered them to receive forty lashes, among them his poet Hassan ibn Thabit.[citation needed][7][8]

[edit] The story of the honey

The prominent and respected Syrian scholar, Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya of Ibn Kathir, recorded that Muhammad's wife Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya was given a skin filled with honey, which she shared with her husband.[3] He was fond of sweets and stayed overlong with Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya; at least in the opinion of Aisha and her co-wife Hafsa. Aisha and Hafsa conspired. Each of them was to tell Muhammad that the honey had given him bad breath. When he heard this from two wives, he believed that it was true and swore that he would eat no more of the honey. Soon afterwards, he reported that he had received a revelation, in which he was told that he could eat anything permitted by God (66:1). In the following verses, Muhammad's wives are rebuked for their unruliness: "your hearts are inclined (to oppose him)".

Word spread in the small Muslim community that Muhammad's wives were tyrannizing over the mild-mannered man, speaking sharply to him and conspiring against him. Umar, Hafsa's father, scolded his daughter and also spoke to Muhammad of the matter. Muhammad, saddened and upset, separated from his wives for a month. By the end of this time, his wives were humbled and harmony was restored.

When Muslim commentators on the Qur'an explicate Sura 66, it is usually this story that is told to explain the "occasion of revelation."

There is a similar but alternative explanation of this chapter, also involving Aisha. In this story, Aisha and her co-wives were unhappy because Muhammad was infatuated with Maria al-Qibtiyya, the Christian Coptic woman who bore Muhammad a brief-lived son. (Some accounts say that she was a slave, some that she converted to Islam, was freed, and was taken as a wife.) (Rodinson 1961, pp. 279-283)

[edit] The death of Muhammad

Ibn Ishaq, in his Sirat Rasulallah, states that during Muhammad's last illness, he sought Aisha's apartments and died with his head in her lap. The Sunni take this as evidence of Muhammad's fondness for Aisha. The Shi'a deny this, and say that Muhammad died with his head in Ali's lap.[4]

Aisha never remarried after Muhammad's death. A passage in the Qur'an forbids any Muslim to marry a widow of Muhammad.

Nor is it right for you that ye should annoy God's Apostle, or that ye should marry his widows after him at any time. Truly such a thing is in God's sight an enormity. (33:53)

[edit] After Muhammad

[edit] Aisha's father becomes the first caliph

After Muhammad's death in 632 AD, Aisha's father, Abu Bakr, became the first caliph, or leader of the Muslims. This matter is extremely controversial. Shi'a believe that Ali had been chosen to lead by Muhammad; Sunni maintain that the community chose Abu Bakr, and did so in accordance with Muhammad's wishes. This is discussed in much greater detail in the article Succession to Muhammad.

[edit] The battle of the camel

Main article: Battle of the Camel

Abu Bakr's reign was short, and in 634 AD he was succeeded by Umar, as caliph. Umar reigned for ten years, and was then followed by Uthman in 644 AD. Both of these men had been among Muhammad's earliest followers, were linked to him by clanship and marriage, and had taken prominent parts in various military campaigns.

Aisha, in the meantime, lived in Medina and made several pilgrimages to Mecca.

In 656 AD Uthman was killed by rebellious Muslim soldiers. The rebels then asked Ali to be the new caliph. Many reports absolve Ali of complicity in the murder. He is reported to have refused the caliphate. He agreed to rule only after his followers persisted.

Aisha raised an army which confronted Ali's army outside the city of Basra. Professor Leila Ahmed claims that it was during this engagement that Muslim slaughtered Muslim for the first time.[1] Battle ensued and Aisha's forces were defeated. Aisha was directing her forces from a howdah on the back of a camel; this 656 battle is therefore called the Battle of the Camel.

Ali captured Aisha but declined to harm her. He sent her back to Medina under military escort. She lived a retired life until she died in approximately 678 under the reign of Muawiya.

[edit] Sunni and Shia views of Aisha

Sunnis historians see Aisha as a learned woman, who tirelessly recounted stories from the life of Muhammad and explained Muslim history and traditions. She is considered to be one of the foremost scholars of Islam's early age with some historians accrediting up to one-quarter of the Islamic Shariah, based on the collection of hadiths, to have stemmed from her narrations. Aisha became the most prominent of Muhammad’s wives and is revered as a role model by millions of women.[1]

Shi'a historians believe that Ali should have been the first caliph, and that the other three caliphs were usurpers. Aisha not only supported Umar, Uthman, and her father Abu Bakr, she also raised an army and fought against Ali, her step-son-in-law. Shia believe that she did wrong in rebelling against Ali.[9]

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Goodwin, Jan. Price of Honour: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence on the Islamic World. UK: Little, Brown Book Group, 1994
  2. ^ D. A. Spellberg, Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: the Legacy of A'isha bint Abi Bakr, Columbia University Press, 1994, p. 40
  3. ^ Moiz Amjad, What was Ayesha's (ra) Age at the Time of Her Marriage to the Prophet (pbuh)?, understanding-islam.com, Al-Mawrid Institute of Islamic research.[1]
  4. ^ Hakim Niaz Ahmad, تحقیق عمرعا،شہ صدیقہ (Research on the age of Ayesha), Mashkoor Academy, Karachi.
  5. ^ Habib ur Rahman Kandhalwi, Age of Aisha, Al-Rahman Publishing Trust, Karachi.[2]
  6. ^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1961). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. Oxford University Press, 229. ISBN. 
  7. ^ Watt, M. "Aisha bint Abi Bakr". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Ed. P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
  8. ^ Glubb (2002), p. 264f.
  9. ^ Shi'a sources:
    a)Al Shafi, Vol. No. 2, Page No. 108
    b) Haqq-ul-Yaqeen, Page No. 139
    c) Hayat-ul-Quloob, Vol. No. 2, Page No. 901

[edit] References

  • Guillaume, A. -- The Life of Muhammad, Oxford University Press, 1955
  • Rodinson, Maxime -- Muhammad, 1980 Random House reprint of English translation
  • Spellberg, D.A. -- Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: the Legacy of A'isha bint Abi Bakr, Columbia University Press, 1994
  • Aisha bint Abi Bakr, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press, 2000
  • Rizvi, Syed Saeed Akhtar. -- The Life of Muhammad The Prophet, Darul Tabligh North America, 1971.

[edit] External links

Sunni view of Aisha:

Shi'a view of Aisha:

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