Anti-Armenianism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Anti-Armenianism (also Anti-Armenism and Anti-Armenian sentiment) is hostility toward or prejudice against Armenian people, Armenian culture and the Republic of Armenia, which can range in expression from individual hatred to institutionalized persecution. Several organizations have stated that difficulties currently experienced by the Armenian minority in Turkey are a result of an anti-Armenian attitude by the Turkish government[1] as well as by nationalist groups such as the Grey Wolves. Such sentiments are also prevalent in Azerbaijan as well because of stem from the loss of the Nagorno-Karabakh War and also for political reasons.
Modern anti-Armenianism often seems to lacks a racial and cultural basis and appears to be based more on geopolitics and history, in addition to diplomatic and strategic interests, involving the modern states of Turkey and Azerbaijan, although these prejudices usually extend to the widespread Armenian Diaspora. The ongoing issues of the Armenian Genocide and Nagorno-Karabakh are two examples of intense anti-Armenianism in both countries. These facts can themselves imply a direct hate towards Armenians as a nation (especially in the case of Azerbaijan), but they tend to reflect the various historical and political tensions between these countries. Anti-Armenianism is usually associated with either extreme opposition to the actions of the Armenian Republic, belief in an Armenian conspiracy to revise or fabricate history for political gain, or belief that Armenia is attempting to unfairly annex land from neighboring states.
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[edit] Persecution under Ottoman Empire and Turkey
The Armenian people have suffered persecution by the Turkish government for over a century. In 1895, revolts among the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire lead to Sultan Abdül Hamid's decision to massacre tens of thousands of Armenians in the Hamidian massacres[2]. According to Armenian and most Western scholars, during World War One, the Ottoman government massacred up to 1.5 million Armenians in a genocide known as the Armenian Genocide[3]. The position of the current Turkish government is that the Armenians who died were casualties of the expected hardships of war, the casualties cited are exaggerated, and that there was no genocide.
Alparslan Türkeş, a late Turkish politician considered by many to have fascist views[4], said:
Those that have torn down this nation are Greek, Armenian and Jew traitors, and Kurdish, Bosnian and Albanians… How can you, as a Turk, tolerate these dirty minorities. Remove from within the Armenians and Kurds and all Turkish enemies.[5]
In 2004, the Grey Wolves, a youth organization founded by Türkeş, successfully prevented the screening of Atom Egoyan's Ararat, a film about the Armenian Genocide.[6][7][8][9]
The Ankara Chamber of Commerce included DVDs, accusing the Armenian people of slaughtering Turks, with their paid tourism advertisements in the June 6, 2005 edition of the magazine TIME Europe. Time Europe later apologized for allowing the inclusion of the DVDs and published a critical letter signed by five French organizations. [10][11] The February 12, 2007 edition of Time Europe included an acknowledgment of the truth of the Armenian Genocide and a DVD of a documentary by French director Laurence Jourdan about the genocide. [12]
Hrant Dink, the editor of Armenian "Agos" weekly, was assassinated in Istanbul on January 19, 2007, allegedly by Ogün Samast. He was reportedly acting on the orders of Yasin Hayal, a militant Turkish nationalist.[13][14] For his statements on Armenian identity and the Armenian Genocide, Dink had been prosecuted three times under Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code for “insulting Turkishness.”.”[15][16][17] He had also received numerous death threats from Turkish nationalists who viewed his "iconoclastic" journalism (particularly regarding the Armenian Genocide) as an act of treachery.[18]
[edit] Persecution in Azerbaijan
During the Soviet era, Armenians and Azerbaijanis lived in peace. When the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh broke out, however, this changed radically. There is an opinion that much of the anti-Armenian sentiments among the Azeri people today stem from the loss of the Nagorno-Karabakh War and the Khojaly Massacre (1992) perpetrated by Armenian irregulars against the Azeris during the war. However, it should also be noted that one of the events precipitating the conflict was pogroms perpetrated by Azeris against ethnic Armenians in the Azeri towns of Sumgait (1988), Kirovabad (Ganja) (1988) and Baku (1990)[19] and that the Azeris themselves committed massacres against Armenians during the war, such as the attack on the town of Maraghar (1992).[20]
In 2004, Azeri lieutenant Ramil Safarov murdered the Armenian lieutenant Gurgen Markaryan at a Partnership for Peace NATO program. Safarov's crime resulted in contradictory reactions in his home country: some propagated granting him the status of a national hero, while others expressed severe criticism and condemned Safarov for murder.[21].
Starting in 1998, Armenia began accusing Azerbaijan of embarking on a campaign of destroying a cemetery of finely carved Armenian khachkars in the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic.[22] On May 30, 2006, Azerbaijan barred the European Parliament from inspecting and examining the ancient burial site. Charles Tannock, British Conservative Party foreign affairs spokesman in the European parliament, stated: "This is very similar to the Buddha statues destroyed by the Taliban. They have concreted the area over and turned it into a military camp. If they have nothing to hide then we should be allowed to inspect the terrain." Hannes Swoboda, an Austrian Socialist MEP and member of the committee barred from examining the site, said he hopes a visit can be arranged in the autumn. He stated that "if they do not allow us to go, we have a clear hint that something bad has happened. If something is hidden we want to ask why. It can only be because some of the allegations are true." He also warned: "One of the major elements of any country that wants to come close to Europe is that the cultural heritage of neighbors is respected."[23]
[edit] Persecution in Russia
Recent surges of Pan-Slavic nationalism in Russia have prompted violence against non-Slavic minorities, including Georgians, Jews and Armenians. Six Armenians were killed by Russian neo-Nazis in 2006[24] out of 18 total racist-related deaths. So far the reaction of the Russian government to these murders has been subdued, often failing to term the incidents hate crimes and declining to strongly condemn them, causing some to suspect racist elements working within the Russian state.
[edit] Anti-Armenianism in Georgia
In 2007, the Georgian media began running several stories on the March 5th parliamentary elections in the Abkhazia enclave, claiming that ethnic Armenians in the area, who make up roughly 20% of the local population, would be controlling the elections. The Georgian newspaper Sakartvelos Respublika predicted that much of the parliament would be Armenian and that there was even a chance of an Armenian president being elected. The paper also reported that the Abkazanian republic might already be receiving financial assistance from Armenians living in the United States.[25] Some Armenian groups believe such reports are attempting to create conflict between Armenians and ethnic Abkhazians to destabilize the region. [25] The Georgian-Abkhazian conflict, which is believed by many Georgians to have been backed by Russia with Armenian assistance, has caused many problems for Georgia, as the Abkhazian separatist resulted in many ethnic Georgians killed and displaced. Reports such as these suggest growing animosity towards Armenians in the country.
[edit] Anti-Armenianism by individuals
For several months in 1994, Ahmet Cosar going by the alias of Serdar Argic posted thousands of messages, claiming that the Armenian Genocide didn't happen or that Armenians massacred Turks, on Usenet newsgroup threads mentioning the word Turkey. Samuel Weems published the book Armenia: The Secrets of a Christian Terrorist State in May of 2002. Weems has made such claims as the "number one export of Armenia is terrorism" and that there was no Armenian Genocide.[26] American historian Justin McCarthy is known for his controversial support of Turkey's denial of the Armenian Genocide.[27] Azeri cartoonist Kerim Kerimov Mammadhan has produced around 4500[28] Anti-Armenian cartoons, most of which depict crude caricatures of Armenians. Common themes of his work include portraying Armenians as giant snakes [29], terrorists [30], racists, fascists, and militarists bent on world domination [31]. His cartoons are often included with the phrase “Terrorism, narkomania, and armenism are the same disease”. His works also often mock the Armenian Genocide and its recognition by foreign countries, especially countries in Europe.
[edit] References
- ^ Armenian Swiss website.
- ^ Hamidian Massacres, Armenian Genocide.
- ^ Armenian Genocide Institute.
- ^ [1]
- ^ EPP-ED Group: The Republic of Turkey
- ^ "Egoyan award winning film not shown yet in Turkey", Toronto Star. Retrieved on May 6, 2006.
- ^ Gray Wolves Spoil Turkey's Publicity Ploy on Ararat
- ^ (Turkish) Ülkü Ocaklari: Ararat Yayinlanamaz.
- ^ (Turkish) Ülkü Ocaklari: ARARAT'I Cesaretiniz Varsa Yayinlayin !
- ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/29/AR2005092902240.html In Turkey, a Clash of Nationalism and History
- ^ http://www.financialmirror.com/more_news.php?id=5997 TIME carries documentary, adopts policy on Armenian Genocide
- ^ http://news.pseka.net/index.php?module=article&id=6444 TIME MAGAZINE: Carries documentary, adopts policy on Armenian Genocide
- ^ Harvey, Benjamin (2007-01-24). Suspect in Journalist Death Makes Threat. Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved on January 24, 2007.
- ^ "Turkish-Armenian writer shot dead". BBC News. Retrieved on January 19, 2007.
- ^ By Robert Mahoney (2006-06-15). Bad blood in Turkey (PDF). Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved on January 17, 2007.
- ^
- ^ IPI Deplores Callous Murder of Journalist in Istanbul. International Press Institute (2007-01-22).
- ^ Committee to Protect Journalists (2007-01-19). Turkish-Armenian editor murdered in Istanbul. Retrieved on January 24, 2007. “Dink had received numerous death threats from nationalist Turks who viewed his iconoclastic journalism, particularly on the mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century, as an act of treachery.”
- ^ Pogroms.
- ^ Survivors of the Maraghar Massacre, Christianity Today.
- ^ Murder Case Judgement Reverberates Around Caucasus, War and Peace Reporting.
- ^ World Watches In Silence As Azerbaijan Wipes Out Armenian Culture.
- ^ PanArmenian.
- ^ Jamestown.
- ^ a b Focus on Faction: Georgian media stirs Abkhazian-Armenian "conflict"
- ^ Weems Interview, Tall Armenian Tale.
- ^ "A PBS Documentary Makes Its Case for the Armenian Genocide, With or Without a Debate", The New York Times, April 17, 2006. Retrieved on September 2, 2006.
- ^ http://www.kerimkerimov.az/
- ^ http://www.kerimkerimov.az/pics/karikatures/karikatura2_10.jpg
- ^ http://www.kerimkerimov.az/pics/karikatures/karikatura2_74.jpg
- ^ http://www.kerimkerimov.az/pics/karikatures/karikatura2_17.jpg
