Static Wikipedia February 2008 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu

Web Analytics
Cookie Policy Terms and Conditions User talk:Ashwatham - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

User talk:Ashwatham

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hello Ashwatham and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

Good luck!

Contents

[edit] Gandhi

Thanks for fixing my careless typo.

But "rv vandalism" is IMO a good summary only when your edit changes a page to exactly the state it had in the past. What you did was repairing vandalism, an even more valuable service to the project, since vandalism in the most recent edit is so much easier to spot (by looking at the diff rendering) compared to the sorts of vandalism that can be fixed by a true reversion.

Hope you continue to find this worth while, and thanks again.
--Jerzy(t) 17:17, 2005 Jan 11 (UTC)

No problem :) - thanks for the info abt edit summaries regarding vandalism, makes sense. --ashwatha 01:14, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

[edit] Notation

Thought I'd drop a quick note to point out that Wikipedia policy is to allow either BC/AD or BCE/CE notation in an article, as long as whichever form is used in an article, it is used consistently. The suggestion is that there an article already uses an acceptable form, and the India article has (apart for a very small period of time) always used the BC/AD form, that is the one that is used. It is also better to use the BC/AD notation anyway, as almost all readers will understand it, whereas a great many do not understand BCE/CE. For instance, here in the UK, schools tended not even to refer to the BCE/CE notation until it was put into the National Curriculum in 2002 - those schooled before then are unlikely to have come across it. This is also backed up by internet usage, where there is a strong bias (9 to 1) in favour of the BC/AD notation. Kind regards, jguk 22:48, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

[edit] Interwiki link & infobox

hi ashwath, there seems to be a dissent over where the interwiki template should appear. I suggested that it should either be on the top or somewhere near the top, say below the infobox. But its a shame that few wikipedians have been pushing it down like an edit war, based on a vote thats supposedly 'expired'(!) :( It sounds crazy, ain't it? See this. All I wanted to ensure was that people spot the interwiki link easily, so that enough people do visit language wikipedias from the language page. It is really helpful when new editors familiar with curiously drop in to the kannada page. But this is the most awful experience I had from the day I started editing wikipedia. The kannada flag that was on the Kannada page (on infobox) too has vanished :( check the discussion.

[edit] Indian Collaboration

Hi. Please enlist your support for the Indian collaboration of the week. utcursch 07:58, Jan 25, 2005 (UTC)

[edit] Indian Independence movement

Thanks for working on Indian independence movement. It looks great now! Truly FA material now!! --kunjan1029 05:24, Jan 28, 2005 (UTC)

[edit] Image copyright tags

Thanks for uploading Image:Netaji.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use {{gfdl}} if you release it under the GFDL, or {{fairuse}} if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, Tagishsimon (talk) 16:25, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

[edit] Barnstar

Barnstar
I present this Barnstar to Ashwatham for his contributions to Kannada, Karnataka and related subjects on the English Wikipedia --IMpbt 18:59, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

[edit] Welcome back

Welcome back. Hope to see more edits from you.  =Nichalp (Talk)= 12:48, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

thanks! --ashwatha 02:41, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

[edit] Kannada writers, Kannada wikipedia expansion

Hi Ashwath,

Check User:Hpnadig/Kannada_Wikipedia_mesg. This one is to try and inform new members on en about kannada wikipedia. I'm trying to track potential contributors by Browsing the history of Kannada related topics. Can you help me with it?

I've made a template: See User:Hpnadig/Kannada_Literature_Template. Can you help me find out which of those already have articles? (apart from already linked ones - this is 'cos names could've been typed with different spelling or initials) We can start working on others that don't have articles. --H P Nadig 7 July 2005 13:07 (UTC)

[edit] massive floods in Mumbai

Why not page on massive floods in Mumbai? pradeepsomani

[edit] Visual Basic Classic Wikibook

I see you have contributed to the Visual Basic article on Wikipedia. Any chance you would like to join in editing the wikibook: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Programming:Visual_Basic_Classic? --Kjwhitefoot 08:46, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

[edit] Image:GolGumbaz2.jpg

Could you please change the licensce of Image:GolGumbaz2.jpg and release it in public domain or Creative Commons if you want to do so.. or else it will get deleted...

Its very hard to get a picture like that....--Aravind Parvatikar 15:38, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Hope we can work together

Hi. I am Dinesh Kannambadi. I have created a page called "Karnataka Literature" that may be of some value to you. The page contains names and where ever possible dates and works of scholars in Kannada and Sanskrit. I have also been active on Kannada , Karnataka (and all related kingdoms like chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Gangas, Vijayanagar, Hoysala, Kadamba etc). Do you know how to rectify/create maps in .png format or any format to accurately represent geograhpical extent of Kannada Kingdoms. If you do, feel free to add it in. The Maps for Vijayanagar and Rashtrakuta are not accurate.

Dinesh Kannambadi

[edit] Commonwealth of Nations

Commonwealth of Nations is up for a featured article review. Detailed concerns may be found here. Please leave your comments and help us address and maintain this article's featured quality. (I think this may have been your FA nomination? If not, please disregard.) Sandy 15:12, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

[edit] The lighted path

I wish you All The Best on the ocasion of the Indian festival of light, Diwali. I am sure that the light of hope, confidence, and all positive attributes shall always remain inside you – lighting your path and guiding you to attain higher and higher levels of excellence in all your endevours! All the best! --Bhadani 16:37, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

[edit] License tagging for Image:Girishkasaravalli.jpg

Thanks for uploading Image:Girishkasaravalli.jpg. Wikipedia gets thousands of images uploaded every day, and in order to verify that the images can be legally used on Wikipedia, the source and copyright status must be indicated. Images need to have an image tag applied to the image description page indicating the copyright status of the image. This uniform and easy-to-understand method of indicating the license status allows potential re-users of the images to know what they are allowed to do with the images.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you need help on selecting a tag to use, or in adding the tag to the image description, feel free to post a message at Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. 11:05, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Thanks for the review of the article!

Thanks, Ashwatham, for the review of the article Ramana Maharshi. I have taken note of your comments. Unfortunately, when you reviewed the article, the Life section of the article was deleted by somebody on the 16th of Nov. I have fixed it now. I would try to expand the Teachings section.

I notice that you are active in Kannada-related efforts on Wikipedia. Well, thanks for doing that! The Kannada article might require some re-structuring after the Tamil language article (it is a featured article). First thing we could do is fix the 'sign board' picture - the picture has a poster stuck on it..--Naresh 21:35, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Welcome to WP India

Welcome!

Hi, and welcome to the India WikiProject! We're a group of editors working to improve Wikipedia's coverage of India.

A few features that you might find helpful:

There are a variety of interesting things to do within the project; you're free to participate however much—or little—you like:

  • Want to know how good our articles are? The assessment department is working on rating the quality of every India article in Wikipedia.
  • Can you code? The automation department uses automated and semi-automated methods to perform batch tasks that would be tedious to do manually.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask another fellow member, and we'll be happy to help you. Again, welcome! We look forward to seeing you around! -- Lost(talk) 06:38, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Fair use rationale for Image:Ghatam.jpg

Thanks for uploading Image:Ghatam.jpg. The image description page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. 09:05, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Fair use rationale for Image:PCT.jpg

Thanks for uploading Image:PCT.jpg. The image description page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. 07:08, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

[edit] WikiProject India Newsletter: Volume I, Issue 3 - December 2006

Project News
  • Name change of cities in Karnataka: A straw poll was conducted on the proposal to change the name of cities in Karnataka, per the Nov 1, 2006 decision by the Karnataka government to rename them from the current anglicised forms. The result of the poll was to change the names. As controversial as the decision may be in the real world, the article Bangalore in Wikipedia still reflects the old name. You may be interested in knowing why. Dig the archives.
  • New Project Noticeboard (Shortcut:WP:INB): WikiProject India now sports a new colourful centralised noticeboard. An effort to make the noticeboard current and dynamic was mooted a few days back, and Ganeshk came up with the new format. The new noticeboard will strive to be the one-stop shop for all project related information. The shortcut is WP:INB.
  • Members List: The old members list is being phased out to give way for the new members list. New members are requested to add their names to the new members list. As the newsletter grows, further issues of the Project Newsletter will be delivered to those enlisted in the new list. So dash down now, to check if ur name is in there.
What's New?


Congratulations to all contributors
who helped to develop the above
content to represent the best of Wikipedia!
Need some help?

Are you stuck at a point where admin help is needed? There are 22 Indian Administrators in Wikipedia at the last count. If you need some help with anything related to WikiProject India, they are just a couple of clicks away!

Note from Editor's Desk
  • Welcome to the December 2006 edition of our newsletter. Time flies past like matter into the black hole. It is interesting to notice that we are already into the last month for the year of 2006. 2006 saw discussions and development beyond realisation. In the world of Wikipedia where quality counts than quantity, we have come a long way. We've made better than 'nothing', to say the least, and even that is an achievement. I take this opportunity to thank everyone including those who have dotted the i's and crossed the t's.
  • As before, we'd like to stress, this is your newsletter, and we want you to be part of it as well. Provide us with news tips. It can be anything related to the project, from discussions to calls for help, and other interesting stuff within our community. If you have received or given any barnstars recently, do let us know. Sponsored content for recruitments within your WikiProject sub-groups are also welcome. We'll be very happy to include them here.
  • Before we sign off, Advance New Year Wishes, everyone.
This edition special
  • How to?: The "how to" part of assessment is very simple. Just head on to the talk page of any India related page and you'll find the {{WP India}} template. Simply classify the article based on the content and the criteria mentioned here. You can find the detailed instructions here. If you think it may qualify for GA/FA status, first consider submitting the article for peer review.
Signed...

Edited by Chez and distributed by Lostintherush

You are receiving this newsletter because you part of Wikiproject India. If you'd like to change your subscription options, please say so at the Outreach Department.

If you run a covert newsroom operation, provide us with ur news tips here. Letters to the Editor are welcome as well.


[edit] Your Featured Picture nomination

Thank you for nominating the Gol Gumbaz picture as a Featured Picture, but may I ask you to please read the nomination procedure before nominating any others, as the nomination was placed incorrectly on the page. I've fixed this nomination up for you, and if you have any questions on the nomination procedure feel free to ask me. Raven4x4x 05:25, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

No problem. Thanks again for the nomination. Raven4x4x 05:29, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Thanks

Thanks for the award. I did not see it earlier or would have replied right away.Thanks again.By the way, Hoysala Empire is in FAC review now.Dineshkannambadi 15:22, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

[edit] WikiProject India Newsletter: Volume II, Issue 2 - March 2007

Project News
  • Jimbo's visit to India and the WikiCamp in Chennai: Jimbo recently visited India in late February and early March on wiki work. This included a trip to a WikiCamp in Chennai. The one day conference attracted 300 participants from across India and beyond dealt with issues facing wikis ([1]). It was widely covered by the press, eg The Hindu( [2]), which cited the efforts of Bhadani (edit count), Sundar (leadership on Tamil Wikipedia) and Ganeshk (Creation of Ganeshbot to create articles on Indian towns from census figures). Ganeshk himself travelled from California to attend the conference.
  • Wikipedia Weekly 15: Wikipedia Weekly, a informal Wikipedians' program that purports to give "A weekly audio roundup of Wikipedia happenings with news, interviews and roundtable discussions" recently interviewed two prominent editors Rama's Arrow and Ragib(listen). The entire 34 minute interview was entirely about the world of Indian subcontinent wiki-happenings, and was the first episode which was not entirely dominated by discussion of wiki-politics and wiki-bureaucracy, with the host Witty lama praising the efficiency of the project and its proliferation of featured content. Rama's Arrow cited the team spirit, friendship and respect among project members in discussing its success and FA productivity, as well as discussing subcontinental wiki-conflict. Ragib talked also of his public campaign to raise awareness of the Bengali Wikipedia in his native Bangladesh, which has seen a 30-fold increase in article count over the past year.
What's New?
Congratulations to all contributors who helped to develop the above content to represent the best of Wikipedia!
Need some help?

Are you stuck at a point where admin help is needed? There are 21 Indian Administrators in Wikipedia at the last count. If you need some help with anything related to WikiProject India, they are just a couple of clicks away!

Note from Editor's Desk
  • Welcome to the March 2007 edition of our newsletter.
  • Congratulations to one of our most reespected writers, bureaucrats and administrators, Nichalp, who is now entrusted with the oversight permission. In addition Riana has joined the administrative ranks after a successful RfA.
  • On a sad note, Nobleeagle, who was responsible for the creation of the Punjab WikiProject, and was largely responsible for Indian cricket team, Bhagat Singh and Lage Raho Munna Bhai becoming GAs, as well as working heavily in Indian religious and cricket work, has left the project after having his identity revealed.
  • More generally, certain Indian users have recently been subject to real life harassment by banned users, etc. If this is affecting you in real life, please do not hesitate to contact Wikimedia board members for assistance, or ask a senior Wikipedian to solicit help on your behalf if required.
  • Nishkid64, a prolific contributor and administrator, is currently undergoing surgery to fix a congenital heart defect. You can wish him well here.
  • Weekly Collaboration (Shortcut:WP:INCOTW): Collaboration of the Week has fallen from its once high feats. Please drop by and help rejuvenate it.
  • As before, we'd like to stress, this is your newsletter, and we want you to be part of it as well. Provide us with news tips. It can be anything related to the project, from discussions to calls for help, and other interesting stuff within our community. Sponsored content for recruitments within your WikiProject sub-groups are also welcome, including requests for copyediting, photographic work, peer review, etc. We'll be very happy to include them here.
This edition special
  • Translation Department: Can you read and write any languages of India? Do you know multiple languages and are looking to keep your skills at a high level or improve them? If so, the Translation Depeartment may be for you!

The translation department of the India WikiProject aims to utilize high-quality non-English material related to India for the goals of the project. This includes both translating articles from and to other-language Wikipedias as well as assisting contributors with non-English sources. The department aims to provide services in transliteration, formulating scripts for various languages, as well as translating articles from one language to another and validating sources in other languages to that of the encyclopedia article. If you are looking for a friendly translator here is your go-to point. Currently, we are still seeking representation for Kashmiri, Nepali, Oriya, Sindhi and Tulu, as well as reinforcements in all other languages.

Signed...

Edited by YellowMonkey and distributed by Lostintherush

You are receiving this newsletter because you are part of Wikiproject India. If you'd like to change your subscription options, please say so at the Outreach Dept.

If you run a covert newsroom operation, provide us with ur news tips here.

Static Wikipedia 2008 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2007 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2006 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu