Bet (letter)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Bēth | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Syriac | Hebrew | Aramaic | Phoenician |
|
ﺑ,ﺏ |
ܒ | ב |  |
 |
| Phonemic representation (IPA): | b | |||
| Position in alphabet: | 2 | |||
| Gematria/Abjad value: | 2 | |||
Bet, Beth, or Vet is the second letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew ב Syriac ܒ and Arabic alphabet bāʼ ﺏ. Its value is a voiced bilabial plosive, IPA /b/.
This letter's name means "house" in various Semitic languages (Hebrew: bayit, Arabic: bayt), and appears to derive from a Middle Bronze Age picture of a house by acrophony.
The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Beta, Latin B, and Cyrillic Б, В.
Contents |
[edit] Arabic bā
| Arabic alphabet | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺙ ﺝ ﺡ | |||||
| ﺥ ﺩ ﺫ ﺭ ﺯ | |||||
| ﺵ ﺹ ﺽ ﻁ ﻅ ﻉ | |||||
| ﻍ ﻑ ﻕ ﻙ ﻝ | |||||
| ﻡ ﻥ هـ ﻭ ﻱ | |||||
| History · Transliteration Diacritics · Hamza ء Numerals · Numeration |
|||||
</noinclude>
The letter is named bā, and is written is several ways depending in its position in the word:
| glyph | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| stand alone | at the beginning | in the middle | at the end | |
| ب | بـ | ـبـ | ـب | |
"ba"-"ب" is equivalent to the letter "b" in English.
[edit] Hebrew Bet
| Hebrew alphabet | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| א ב ג ד ה ו | |||||
| ז ח ט י כך | |||||
| ל מם נן ס ע פף | |||||
| צץ ק ר ש ת | |||||
| History · Transliteration Niqqud · Dagesh · Gematria Cantillation · Numeration |
|||||
| Syriac alphabet | |||||
| ܐ | ܒ | ܓ | ܕ | ||
| ܗ | ܘ | ܙ | ܚ | ܛ | ܝ |
| ܟܟ | ܠ | ܡܡ | ܢܢ | ܣ | ܥ |
| ܦ | ܨ | ܩ | ܪ | ܫ | ܬ |
This letter is named bet, following the modern Israeli Hebrew pronunciation, bet (/bɛjt/), in Israel and by most Jews familiar with Hebrew, although many Ashkenazi speakers pronounce it beis (/bejs/), and some Jews pronounce it beth (/beθ/). It is also named beth, following the Tiberian Hebrew pronunciation, in academic circles.
[edit] Variations on written form/pronunciation:
There are two orthographic variants of this letter, which alter the pronunciation:
- בּ bet /b/
and
- ב vet [v], [b] (among Egyptian Jews), likely used to be a Voiced bilabial fricative ([β])
[edit] Bet with the dagesh
When the Bet has a "dot" in its center, known as a dagesh, then it represents /b/. There are various rules in Hebrew grammar that stipulate when and why a dagesh is used.
[edit] Bet without the dagesh (Veth)
When this letter appears as ב without the dagesh ("dot") in its center then it represents a voiced labiodental fricative: /v/.
[edit] Significance of ב, mystical and otherwise
Bet in gematria symbolizes the number 2.
As a prefix, the letter bet may function as a preposition meaning "in", "at", or "with".
Bet is the first letter of the Torah. As Bet is the number 2 in gematria, this is said to symbolize that there are two parts to Torah: the Written Torah and the Oral Torah.
Rashi points out that the letter is closed on three sides and open on one; this is to teach you that you may question about what happened after creation, but not what happened before it, or what is above the heavens or below the earth.
In set theory, the beth numbers stand for powers of infinite sets.
[edit] Syriac Beth
| Syriac alphabet | |||||
| ܐ | ܒ | ܓ | ܕ | ||
| ܗ | ܘ | ܙ | ܚ | ܛ | ܝ |
| ܟܟ | ܠ | ܡܡ | ܢܢ | ܣ | ܥ |
| ܦ | ܨ | ܩ | ܪ | ܫ | ܬ |
In the Syriac alphabet, the second letter is ܒ — Beth (ܒܝܬ). It is one of six letters that represents two associated sounds (the others are Gimel, Dalet, Kaph, Pe and Taw). When Beth has a hard pronunciation (qûššāyâ) it is a [b]. When Beth has a soft pronunciation (rûkkāḵâ) it is traditionally pronounced as a [v]. However, in eastern dialects, the soft Beth is more often pronounced as a [w], and can form diphthongs with its preceding vowel. Whether Beth should be pronounced as a hard or soft sound is generally determined by its context within a word. However, wherever it is traditionally geminate within a word, even in dialects that no longer distinguish double consonants, it is hard. In the West Syriac dialect, some speakers always pronounce Beth with its hard sound.
Beth, when attached to the beginning of a word, represents the preposition 'in, with, at'. As a numeral, the letter represents the number 2, and, using various systems of dashes above or below, can stand for 2,000 and 20,000.
