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Boxthorn - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Boxthorn

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wikipedia:How to read a taxobox
How to read a taxobox
Boxthorn
African Boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum)
African Boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Lycium
L.
Species

About 90, including:
Lycium acutifolium
Lycium afrum
Lycium ameghinoi
Lycium amoenum
Lycium andersonii
Lycium arenicola
Lycium barbarum - wolfberry
Lycium bosciifolium
Lycium berlandieri
Lycium carolinianum
Lycium chilense
Lycium chinense - wolfberry
Lycium cinereum
Lycium decumbens
Lycium depressum
Lycium eenii
Lycium europaeum
Lycium exsertum
Lycium ferocissimum
Lycium fremontii
Lycium gariepense
Lycium grandicalyx
Lycium horridum
Lycium hirsutum
Lycium intricatum
Lycium macrodon
Lycium mascarenense
Lycium nodosum
Lycium oxycarpum
Lycium pallidum
Lycium pilifolium
Lycium pumilum
Lycium ruthenicum
Lycium schizocalyx
Lycium schweinfurthii
Lycium shawii
Lycium strandveldense
Lycium tenue
Lycium tenuispinosum
Lycium tetrandrum
Lycium villosum

Boxthorn (Lycium) is a genus (tribe Lycieae, family Solanaceae) of about 90 species of plants native throughout much of the subtropical zones of the world, mostly found in dry, semi-saline environments. Common names include wolfberry, desert-thorn, Christmas berry, Matrimony vine, and the confusing "Tea-tree" (it is not related to tea, and with the foliage being toxic, should not be used as such).

There are ~20 species in North America, ~30 species in South America, ~30 species in Africa, ~10 species in Eurasia, and one species in Australia. Grabowskia and Phrodus join Lycium in tribe Lycieae, and are the genera most closely related to Lycium.

They are long-lived, perennial, thorny shrubs, with deciduous alternate, simple leaves 1-8 cm long. The flowers are solitary or in small clusters, 6-25 mm diameter, with a corolla of five purple, white or greenish-white petals joined together at their bases. The fruit is fleshy, multiseeded berry 8-20 mm diameter that may be red, yellow, orange, purple or black. These fruit resemble nightshade and bittersweet berries. In some species, notably L. barbarum (Wolfberry), the fruit is edible (see that species for further detail).

Most species of Lycium are cosexual (all flowers have both male and female function), however, several species exhibit gender dimorphism. Evidence suggests that sexual dimorphism has evolved more than once in the Lycium genus. There are species that have both monecious and dioceous populations, most notably L. californicum.

The plant has been known to European herbalists since ancient times. In his Naturalis historia, Pliny the Elder describes Lycium as a medicinal plant (recommended as a treatment for sore eyes and inflammation), as does Pedanius Dioscorides in his P. Dioscoridae pharmacorum simplicium reique medicae (Hitchcock 1932). In his 1753 publication Species Plantarum, Linnaeus describes three Lycium species: L. afrum, L. barbarum, and L. europaeum (Hitchcock 1932).

Contents

[edit] Uses

The berry fruit, leaves, and bark have been used in China throughout over 2,000 years of recorded history. The fruit is known in China as gouqizi (枸杞子, wolfberry, Lycium barbarum), where it is used in herbal teas, soups, juices, and alcoholic beverages. The berries may also be eaten whole and are used in this way for a variety of purposes in traditional Chinese medicine, as well as traditional Korean medicine, traditional Japanese medicine, and traditional Tibetan medicine. Research has shown the primary active ingredients to be polysaccharides, betaine, and physalin.

Lycium species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora vigilis (recorded on L. ferocissimum).

[edit] Gallery

[edit] References

  • Dharmananda, S. Lycium Fruit. Lycium Fruit. Retrieved on September 6, 1997.
  • Project Lycieae Homepage
  • Hitchcock, Charles Leo. "A Monographic Study of the Genus Lycium of the Western Hemisphere." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, v. 19, no. 2/3 (April 1932), pp. 179-348, 350-366.

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