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                       AVIAN INFLUENZA

INTRODUCTION

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AVIAN INFLUENZA is a viral disease that occurs mostly among birds. It is commonly known as Bird Flue. The virus that cause this influenza spreads easily in wild birds, and it affects pet birds, chickens, ducks and turkeys as well. This virus can also affect humans and other mammals.

AVIAN INFLUENZA is characterized as highly pathogenic and low pethogenic. Highly pathogenic avian influenza causes illness that can lead to death and spreads more rapidly whereas low pathogenic avian influenza causes no disease or mild symptoms of disaease. The low pathogenic avian influenza may go undetected.

AVIAN INFLUENZA can be transmitted via direct contact or indirectly. It is often spread via contact between healthy and infected birds, and it's also spread indirectly through contaminted materials and equipment. The flue virus is found in droppings and secretions from eyes, nose, mouth of infected birds. Healthy birds become infected via contact with infected droppings/secretions and with surfces contaminated with droppings/secretions. The most common means of bird-to-bird transmission of avian influenza is contact with contaminated fecal matter. Note that transmission of avian influenza to humans is rare.

          The Main Sources of Infection in Poultry are :
            -> Live infected birds
            -> Fecal droppings and discharges
            -> Dead Birds
            -> Contam equipment and materials

AVIAN INFLUENZA has many sings and syptoms in birds. SOme these includes cogughing, sneezing and diarrhoea, sudden death, and swelling of head, eyes, legs, comps and wattles. Infected birds appear to be tired and refuse to eat, and discharge comes out from the nose, eyes and mouth.

         Signs of Bird FLUE are :
           -> Depression and lack of appetite
           -> Swollen head and neck
           -> Bleeding under the skin
           -> Drastic drop in egg production
           -> Dark and swollen wattles and combs
           -> Sudden Death

There are different strategies people should use to protect themselves from avian influenza during outbreak. These methonds include

1) To always wash hands with soap and water
2) To avoid close contact with birds
3) To avoid contact with pet birds
4) To wash or disinfect materials & equipment
5) To contact the nearest hospital immediately if sick

GLOBAL IMPACT OF BIRD FLU

         [[1]]

USAID RESPONSE TO AVIAN INFLUENZA (AI) IN AFRICA

-> Presence of H5N1 Strain of AI has been confirmed in several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, such as Nigeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Sudan, and Djibouti.
-> USAID has shipped personal protective equipment (PPE), for use in culling and surveillance efforts to ten countries and one regional program.
-> USAID has provided, or is planning to provide, AI emergency funding to six countries in response to outbreaks of H5N1 among animals. 
     => Funds have been obligated to the UN FAO for response in Niger and Burkina Faso
     => Funds have been obligated to the WHO/AFRO for regional anc country-specific activities
     => USAID/West Africa is working with the UNDP to provide support in Cameroon
-> USAID has provided technical assistant in the area of AI to six countries and two regional programs. (USAID/East Africa and USAID/West Africa) 

USAID RECENT TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

-> USAID Veterinarian and member of the Agency AI Unit recently traveled to Sudan and USAID/East Africa, where he provided critical technical assistance.
-> USAID supported a programmatic expert from the Agency's AI Unit as well as a veterinary expert to travel to West Africa to provide technical assistance in the area of AI. The AI Unit and veterinary expert provided guidance and strategic assistance to USAID/West Africa, as well as Embassies and other partners in Niger and Cameroon.
     USAID TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO WEST AFRICA
         -> USAID supports a programmatic expert from the Agency's AI Unit as well as a veterinary expert expert to travel to West Africa to provide technical assistance in the area of AI. 
         -> USAID AI Unit and veterinary expert spend time providing guidance and strategic assistance to USAID's West Africa Regional Program (WARP), as well as Embassies and other actors in Niger and Cameroon.
         -> USAID review proposals submitted for fundraising and provide guidance on appropriate short and long term actions to address the situation and threat of avian influenza. 

USAID OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION PACKAGES

-> USAID disseminate "Outbreak Investigation Packages" to USAID Missions, US Embassies, or other key partners in sub-Saharan African countries
    - The "Outbreak Investigation Packages" contain PPE, materials to take and ship samples for H5N1 testing, and a decontamination kit.
-> USAID Missions and regional program have designed recipients for these packages, as well as people to be trained in specimen collection and proper use of the materials in the packages.
    - USAID/Washington expects that these packages will be shipped within the next month.

USAID COMMUNICATIONS MATERIALS

-> USAID has supported the reproduction of toolkit of Public Awareness materials regarding avian influenza, as well as dissemination of over 25,000 of these kits to countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The kits include
       - Posters with the key AI-related messages
       - Key messages on prevention and control of animal-to-animal, animal-to-human, and human-to-human transmission of AI
       - "Avian influenza live-read scripts" that can be delivered on the radio and through other media
       - A guide on communicating about AI for people who work in the community
       - A children's book that offers key information and messages about AI that can be used in schools for awareness-raising

USAID AI FUNDS REPORTING AND MONITORING AND EVALUATION TOOL RELATED GLOBALLY

-> A new web-based tool, the Avian Influenza Monitoring & Evaluation and Budget Analysis system (AIMEBA) will be used to track and monitor all Agency AI funds.
     -> The AIMEBA system tracks obligations and expendititures of AI funds and includes descriptions of activities. 
     -> It also tracks  progress against standard indicators contained in the Agency's AI M & E plan
           - The M & E plan is available at http://ghintranet.usaid.gov/AIUnit/guidance/strategic.html  

AVIAN INFLUENZA TRACKER

-> Updates Regularly with News on AVIAN INFLUENZA
      http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB112896461663164579-ppo_6wfcgN3zajns2WY43LVH7E4_20051019.html?mod=blog

INTERACTIVE GUIDE on AI

-> 2003 - Today: How Bird Flu (AVIAN INFLUENZA)Spread?
      http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12375868

AVIAN INFLUENZA in AFRICA

-> Update on The Epediomological Situation
      http://www.ecdc.eu.int/documents/Uppsala_060516/Day%201/Session%202/3.%20Adamou%20Yada.pdf

HOW AFRICAN COUNTRIES ARE PREPARING FOR AVIAN INFLUENZA OUTBREAK...

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ANGOLA

---

Current Status on AI

-> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ Not Severe, No report of outbreak
-> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ Ministries of Health and Agriculture
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ FAO and World Health Organization (WHO)
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ Not Available
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMPATING AI
    ~ Establishment of National Task Force

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
    ~ Increasing Surveillance at Ports, Borders and Airports
    ~ Banning of Imports of Live Birds and Fertile Eggs from the Infected Regions
-> AVAILABLE REPORTS ON EMERGENCY PROCESSES
    ~ Not Available

Primary Agent Responsible

-> CONTACT INFO OF ANTI-AI ACTIVITIES
    ~ Not Available 
-> FOCAL AREAS OF COUNTER AI
    ~ Establishment of National Task Force 
    ~ Raising Awareness of Contact with Wild Birds

General Available Reports of Preparedness/Policy

-> Not Available
   WHO Country Profile: 
     http://www.who.int/countries/ago/en/

BENIN

---

Current Status on AI

-> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ No Outbreak Reported
-> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ Minstry of Health
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI 
    ~ USAID, FAO, and WHO
-> REGIONAL COOPEERATION
    ~ West African Cuntries
-> MAIN ISSUE IN COMBATING AI
    ~ Compensation to Poultry Farmers

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
    ~ Lanching an Awareness Campaign on Poultry Farms
    ~ Reinforcing Border Controls and Surveillance
    ~ Setting up committee with Health and Livestok Experts
-> AVIALABLE REPORTS ON EMERGENCY PROCESSES
    ~ Not Available 

Primary Agent Responsible

-> CONTACT INFO ANTI-AI ACTIVITIES
    ~ Not Available
-> FOCAL AREAS OF COUNTER AI 
    ~ Calling on the Public to Report All Deaths of Poultry and Wild Birds

General Available Reports of Preparedness/Policy

-> Not Available   
   WHO Country Profile:
     http://www.who.int/countries/ben/en/

BOTSWANA

---

Current Status on AI

-> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA
-> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ Ministries of Health and Agriculture
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ WHO, FAO
-> REGIONAL COOPEERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUE IN COMBATING AI
    ~ Contigency Plan

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
    ~ Drafted Contigency Plan
    ~ Placing Public Health Notices in Media
    ~ Issuing Guidelines for Travellers
    ~ Surveillance of Wild Birds and Poultry
-> AVAILABLE REPORTS ON EMERGENCY PROCESSES
    ~ Not Available

Primary Agent Responsible

-> CONTACT INFO ANTI-AI ACTIVITIES
    ~ Not Available
-> FOCAL AREAS OF COUNTER AI
    ~ National Epidemic Preparedness Taskforce (NEPT) response

General Available Reports of Preparedness/Policy

->   
   
   WHO Country Profile:
     http://www.who.int/countries/bwa/en/

BURKINA FASO

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Current Status on AI

-> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ H5N1 Confirmed Cases
-> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ Ministry of Animal Resource laboratory
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID, USDA, WHO, FAO, World Bank
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION REQUIRED
    ~ Ghana, Kenya, and Nigeria
-> MAIN ISSUE IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
    ~ Organizing Culling and Compensation Plan
    ~ Lunching Bird Flue Information Campaign
    ~ Banning Imports of Poltry and Pork Products from Affected Countries
    ~ Reinforcing Controls at Ports, Airports, and Borders
    ~ Reinforcing Bird Surveillance
-> AVAILABLE REPORTS ON EMERGENCY PROCESSES
    ~ $200,000 in Emergency Response Funds from USAID to Support Activities of FAO
    ~ 2,000 sets of Personal Prrotective Equipment (PPE) provided to the Government from USAID 
    ~ USDA's Support for the Head of the Veterinarians to Attend a Diagnostic Training Course at USDA's Veterinary Science Laboratory in Iowa 

Primary Agent Responsible

-> CONTACT INFO OF ANTI-AI ACTIVITIES
    ~ NA
-> FOCAL AREAS OF COUNTER AI 
    ~ Capacity Building for Veterinary Laboratories
    ~ Avain Influenza Information Campaign

General Available Reports of Preparedness/Policy

-> Funds from USAID will Suport Capacity Bullding for Veterinary Laborateries, such as
     ~ training of laboratory workers
     ~ necessary commodities
     ~ transportation of specimens
   
   WHO Country Profile: 
     http://www.who.int/countries/bfa/en/

BURUNDI

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Current Status on AI

-> Not Avaialable

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
   ~ Establishing inter-ministerial commission for public Health, Agriculture, and Stockbreeding.
   ~ Making Proposals to Fight Avian Flu
   ~ Preparing a Joint Response group [with Drmocratic Republic of Congo abd Rwanda] to the Avian Flu Threat.
-> AVAILABLE REPORTS ON EMERGENCY PROCESSES
   ~ NA

Primary Agent Responsible

-> Not Available

General Available Reports of Preparedness/Policy

   WHO Country Profile:
     http://www.who.int/countries/bdi/en/

CAMEROON

---

Current Status on AI

-> THREAT LEVEL
     ~ Low 
-> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
     ~ Ministery for Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries; and Inter-Ministerial Committee for Avian Flu Prevention and Control
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
     ~ USAID, UN Development Program (UNDP), OIE
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
     ~ USAID/West Africa
-> MAIN ISSUE IN COMPATING AI
     ~ Program Planning for preventing AI Outbreak

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
    ~ Planning (by Government) to Carry Out Culling and Vaccination Programme
    ~ Setting up Interministerial Committee to tackle bird flu
    ~ Placing Ban on Trade in Poultry and Pork from Affected Countries
    ~ National Prevention Plan for Public Awareness 
    ~ Training for Recruits on Bird Flu Surveillance and Prevention Methods
-> AVAILABLE REPORTS ON EMERGENCY PROCESSES
    ~ $200,000 from USAID's central USAID "Emergency Response" has been set aside for AI. The US Embassy and the UNDP are coordinating this effort.
    ~ 1,300 of 2,000 committed personal protective equipment kits (PPE) from USAID has been provided to the Government of Cameroon.
    ~ The Government of Cameroon is planning to compensate for culled chickens at a rate of $4 per vird

Primary Agent Responsible

-> CONTACT INFO ANTI-AI ACTIVITIES
    ~ NA
-> FOCAL AREAS OF COUNTER AI
    ~ Compensation for Culling and 

General Available Reports of Preparedness/Policy

   WHO Country Profile:
     http://www.who.int/countries/cmr/en/

CHAD

---

Current Status on AI

-> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA
-> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID, FAO, UNDP
 -> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ ECOWAS Technical Experts & Ministries and USAID/West Africa

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
    ~ Banning all Poultry from "at-risk" Countries
    ~ Following Evolution of Bird Flu Worldwide
    ~ Asking International Assistance to Equip itself to Take Measures needed for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment.
-> AVAILABLE REPORTS ON EMERGENCY PROCESSES
    ~ USAID is working with the Missions and Embassies to preposition supplies.
    ~ USAID has provided and is preparing to send personal protective equipment to Chad for use in collecting samples, and potentially responding to cases of H5N1 in animals  

Primary Agent Responsible

-> FOCAL AREAS OF COUNTER AI
   ~ Preparation to respond to cases of H5N1

General Available Reports of Preparedness/Policy

   WHO Country Profile: 
     http://www.who.int/countries/tcd/en/

COTE D'IVOIRE

---

Current Status on AI

-> THREAT LEVEL
     ~ Presence of H5N1 is Confirmed
-> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
     ~ Ministry of Animal Production and Fish Resources
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
     ~ USAID, CDC, FAO, World Bank, World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION REQUIRED 
     ~ ECOWAS Technical Experts and Ministries
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
     ~ Information and Awareness System 

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
    ~ Setting Up Information and Awareness System via Ministries
    ~ Stepping up Customs Controls at All Entry Points/ports
    ~ Set up National Comittee to Deal With Bird Flu
    ~ Calliing on the Public to Alert Authorities to Any Wild Birds Found Dead
-> AVAILABLE REPORTS ON EMERGENCY PROCESSES
    ~ USAID AI Activities Report
        ~ Shipment of 2000 sets of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use in Culling and Surviellance efforts
        ~ Upto $200,000 AI Emergency Funds to Support Activities of AI

Primary Agent Responsible

-> FOCAL AREAS OF COUNTER AI
    ~ Providing Technical and Programmatic Assistance 

General Available Reports of Preparedness/Policy

   WHO Country Profile: 
     http://www.who.int/countries/civ/en/

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

---

Current Status on AI

-> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ No cases of H5N1 has been reported
-> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSE
    ~ Minister of Agriculture
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID, UNICEF
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ ECOWAS Technical Experts and Ministries
-> MAIN ISSUE IN COMBATING AI
    ~ Communication networks for reporting Outbreaks and informing the public

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
    ~ Banning on importing eggs from Affected Countries
    ~ Setting up a National Crisis Committee to Deal With Bird Flu
    ~ Establishing Surveillance and Public-Information Campaigns on the Virus
-> AVAILABLE REPORTS ON EMERGENCY PROCESSES
    ~ UNICEF is coordinating communications networks nationawide to encourage increased reporting of outbreaks and inform the public on prevention & safety

Primary Agebt Responsible

-> FOCAL AREA OF COUNTER AI
    ~ Informing the Public on how to avoid infection of AI Virus

General Available Reports of Preparedness/Policy

   WHO Country Profile:
     http://www.who.int/countries/cod/en/

EGYPT Current Status on AI

-> THREAT LEVEL 
    ~ First Human death due to H5N1
-> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID, FAO, UNDP
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
    ~ Launching a Training Programme to Combat the Spread AI Virus
    ~ Prohibiting to Keep Birds Within City Limits
    ~ Avoiding Consumption of Chicken  and Eggs by the Public
    ~ Culling of Birds 
-> AVAILABLE REPORTS ON EMERGENCY PROCESSES
    ~ NA

Primary Agent Responsity

-> CONTACT INFO OF ANTI-AI ACTIVITIES
    ~ NA
-> FOCAL AREAS OF  COUNTER AI
    ~ NA

General Available Reports of Preparedness/Policy

   WHO Country Profile: 
     http://www.who.int/countries/egy/en/

ETHIOPIA

---

Current Status on AI

-> THREAT LEVEL
   ~ No outbreak reported
-> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
   ~ Ministry of Health
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
   ~ USAID, UN IRIN, World Organization for Animal Health(OIE)
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
   ~ Not Available
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
   ~ Economic Impact of the Scare

Proactive Action

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
    ~ Setting up Technical Committees by establishing a National Task Force
    ~ Drafting a Budget for Possible Control Measures
    ~ Banning all Poultry Imports and Poultry Machinery
    ~ Setting up Crisis Management Team for Avian Flu (by UN)
-> AVAILABLE REPORTS ON EMERGENCY PROCESSES
    ~ According to IRIN, 9,000 chickens at the farm were incinerated and the government banned movements of poultry products of the affected farm
    ~ Samples from Ethiopia tested negative for the presence of H5N1 at the OIE laboratory in Italy. 

Primary Agent Responsible

-> FOCAL AREAS OF COUNTER AI
    ~ Culling and Surveillance System

General Available Reports of Preparedness/Policy

   WHO Country Profile:
     http://www.who.int/countries/eth/eth/en/

GABON

---

Current Status on AI

-> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ No Outbreak Reported
-> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
    ~ Banning Poultry Imports from Infected Countries
    ~ Launching Information Awareness Campaign
    ~ Establishing Training of Medical Personnel
    ~ Setting Up Monitoring Center at the Main Hospital
-> AVAILABLE REPORTS ON EMERGENCY PROCESSES

Primary Agent Responsible

-> CONTACT INFO OF ANTI-AI ACTIVITIES 
    ~ NA
-> FOCAL AREAS OF COUNTER AI
    ~ NA

General Available Reports of Preparedness/Policy

   WHO Country Profile:
     http://www.who.int/countries/gab/en/

GAMBIA

Current Status on AI

-> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> 
-> Lacks Capacity to Address Avian Flu
   
   WHO Country Profile:
     http://www.who.int/countries/gmb/en/

GHANA Current Status on AI

-> Banning Poultry Imports from Affected Areas
-> Informing Farmers of Avian Influenza Symptoms
-> Coordinating National response under National Disaster Management Organization(NADMO)
   
   WHO Country Profile:
     http://www.who.int/countries/gha/en/

GUINEA

Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
   -> Cordination between Ministries of Public Health and Agriculture, FAO, WHO, UNICEF, and USAID
   -> Banning Bird Imports
   -> Setting Up National committe for Plan of Action against AI
   -> Planning Bird Culling and Compensation to Farmers
   -> Planning Mass Awareness Campaigns and Surveillance Activities

   WHO Country Profile: 
      http://www.who.int/countries/gin/en/

GUINEA BISSAU

Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
    -> Creating Awareness about Bird Flue to each District
    -> Explaining Prevention Measures to the Districts
   
   WHO Country Profile:
     http://www.who.int/countries/gnb/en/

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
   -> Creating Awareness about Bird Flue to each District
   -> Explaining Prevention Measures to the Districts
   
   WHO Country Profile:
     http://www.who.int/countries/gnq/en/

KENYA

Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
   -> National Action Plan
   -> Launching Awareness Programmes
   -> Strengthening Surveillance and Laboratory Diagnostic Capacity
   -> Banning Import of Poultry and Poultry Products from Affected areas
   -> Placing Veterinary Personel at Ports and Airports on ALERT
   
   WHO Country Profile:
     http://www.who.int/countries/ken/en/

LESOTHO

Current Status on AI

  -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
-> Establishing Technical Committee (working with WHO, AU, OIE, SADC)
-> Preparing Contingency Plan
-> Developing Laboratory Facilities
   
   WHO Country Profile:
     http://www.who.int/countries/lso/en/

LIBERIA

Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS

-> Establishing Avian Flu Containment Task Force of Government Ministries, UN, and International Aid Agencies

-> Establishing Task Force to Develop Comprehensive Response Plan and Communication Strategy
   
   WHO Country Profile:
     http://www.who.int/countries/lbr/en/

MALAWI

Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
-> Establishing Joint Task Force of Ministries of Health and Agriculture
-> Preparing Contingency plan for Surveillance
-> Banning Products from Avian Flu Affected Countries
   
   WHO Country Profile:
     http://www.who.int/countries/mwi/en/

MALI

Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS

-> Banning Chicken Imports from Affected Areas

-> Implementing Border Controls to enforce ban on Imports of Poultry from Affected Areas
-> Establishing a Technical Coordination Committee
-> Setting up Monitoring in All Regions for Coordination and Information Sharing
-> Launching Awareness and Education Campaigns
-> Implementing Emergency Plan in Diagnosis and Control Measures
   
   WHO Country Profile:
     http://www.who.int/countries/mli/en/

MAURITANIA

Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS

-> Banning Imports of Poultry Products from Affected Countries

-> Setting up Border Controls to Enforce ban
-> Introducing a Bird Flu Surveillance Network
   
   WHO Country Profile
     http://www.who.int/countries/mrt/en/

MOZAMBIQUE

Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS

-> Forming National Task Force led the Ministry Of Agriculture

-> Preparing National Contigency Plan
-> Being Actively Involved in Regional Cooperation
-> Banning Imports from Avian Flu Affected Countries
   
   WHO Country Profile
     http://www.who.int/countries/moz/en/

NAMIBIA

Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS

-> Forming Intersectoral Task Force of Emergency Management Unit

-> Contigency Plan for Surveillance
-> Encouraging Private Sectors to have Preparedness Plans
   
   WHO Country Profile:
    http://www.who.int/countries/nam/en/

NIGER Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS

-> Banning on Imports of All Poultry Products from Affected Areas

-> Incineration and Culling in Infected Areas
-> Reinforcing Border Patrols
   
   WHO Country Profile
     http://www.who.int/countries/ner/en/

NIGERIA

Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
-> Putting Plan in Place for Restocking Poultry
-> Compensating farmers whose birds destroyed by the Govenment
   
   WHO Country Profile 
     

REPUBLIC OF CONGO Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

-> Setting Up "Steering" Committee to Implement 15 Emergency Measures against AI

-> Setting up Interdepartmental Committee to draw up AI Preventive  Measures
-> Suspending All Poultry Imports indefinitely
-> Monitoring bird-breeding and Cross-border Human Traffic Santuaries

SAO TOME Current Status on AI

-> Banning Imports of Poultry and Poultry Products
   
   WHO Coumtry Profile
     http://www.who.int/countries/stp/en/

SENEGAL

Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
-> Banning Imports of Poultry from Affected Area
-> Contacting Suppliers of Medicines to Treat Avian Flu in Humans
-> Preparing Contingency Plan
-> Setting up Surveillance Mechanisms
-> Launching Awareness Campaign
   
   WHO Country Profile
     http://www.who.int/countries/sen/en/

SIERRA LEONE

Current Status on AI

  -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS

-> Forming Interministerial Committee and Technical Committee

-> Banning all Poultry Products from Countries Affected by AI
   
   WHO Country Profile
     http://www.who.int/countries/sle/en/

SOUTH AFRICA Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA 

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS

-> Allowing Poultry from only Countries Free of AI

-> Testing All Imported Live Birds at the Origin and retesting it in South Africa
-> Establishing Surveillance Programme Ostriches and Chickens
-> Monitoring Migrating Birds
-> Launching an Extensive Culling Operation in the Eastern Cape
   
   WHO Country Profile
     http://www.who.int/countries/zaf/en/

SWAZILAND Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
-> Establishing National Task Force led by Ministry of Agriculture
-> Holding Workshops for Government Officials on International Guidelines( by WHO)
   
   WHO Country Profile
     http://www.who.int/countries/swz/en/

TANZANIA Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
-> Forming National Task Force
-> Stepping up Surveillance of Migratory Birds
-> Banning Poultry Imports from Almost All Countries
-> Using Media (TV & Radio) for Awareness Programmes
   
   WHO Country Profile
     Not Available

TOGO Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
-> Banning All Imports of Live Poultry
-> Banning All Poultry Product from Affected Countries
-> Setting Up Special Intermenisterial Committee
-> Organizing Local "Vigilance Groups" to Monitor Suspicious Deaths of Birds
-> Setting up Surveillance for Avian Influenza
   
   WHO Country Profile
     http://www.who.int/countries/tgo/en/

UGANDA Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
-> Establishing National Task Force
-> Banning All Poultry Imports
-> Setting up Surveillance Sites
-> Launching Awareness Campaign to Inform the Public about AI
   
   WHO Country Profile
     http://www.who.int/countries/tgo/en/

ZAMBIA Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ NA 
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ NA
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
-> Establishing Joint Task Force of Ministries of Health and Agriculture with NGOs(WHO, FAO, IPAPI,and others).
-> Preparing Contingency Plan
-> Strengthening Surveillance and Diagnostic Capacity 
   
   WHO Country Profile
     http://www.who.int/countries/zmb/en/

ZIMBABWE

Current Status on AI

 -> THREAT LEVEL
    ~ No Outbreak reported
 -> GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE
    ~ Ministry of Health and Agriculture
-> DONORS PARTICIPATING IN ANTI-AI
    ~ USAID, FAO, UNDP, WHO
-> REGIONAL COOPERATION
    ~ NA
-> MAIN ISSUES IN COMBATING AI
    ~ NA

Proactive Actions

-> GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
-> Placing Contingency Plan of WHO Phase III 
-> Strengthening Human and Animal Surveillance Capacity
   
   WHO Country Profile
     http://www.who.int/countries/zwe/en/

VOA NEWS on AVIAN INFLUENZA in AFRICA

-> Links to different AVIAN INFLUENZA related news in Africa
     http://www.voanews.com/english/avian_flu_africa.cfm
-> Bird Flu Spreads to New Nigerian State: 14 Nigerian States affected by AI virus
     http://www.voanews.com/english/2006-07-01-voa14.cfm

RESOURCES:

-> Basic Information and Links Related to Avuan Influenza
      http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/en/index.html
-> Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response in African Countries
      http://www.cdc.gov/idsr/focus/advocacy/policy_briefsENG.htm
-> What People Need to Know about Avian Influenza
      http://www.afro.who.int/csr/epr/avian_flu/bird_flu_information.pdf
-> Avian Influenza:- Risk Assessment and Preparedness in Africa
      http://www.afro.who.int/csr/epr/avian_flu/afr_avian_flu_31_10_05.pdf
-> Global Statistics of Avian Influenza (2006)
      http://www.info.gov.hk/info/flu/eng/global.htm
-> Protecting Workers against Avian Influenza
      http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/themes/themes-avian.htm
-> Avian Influenza on the News
      http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/DS/00566.html
-> Humanitarian Early Warning Service:- AVIAN INFLUENZA
      http://www.hewsweb.org/avian_flu/

AVIAN INFLUENZA MAP COLLECTION

-> Avian Influenza Maps on Other Websites
      http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/avian_influenza.html
-> Globa Impact of AI on a Map
      http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4531500.stm
-> Bird Flu Interactive Map
      http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/health/birdflu/map_flash.html

NEWS on AVIAN INFLUENZA:

-> BBC News (bbcnews.com):- New Case of Bird Flu in Spain
      http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5158162.stm
-> Special to CNN.com :- Diseases and Conditions: Avian Influenza
      http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/DS/00566.html
-> CBC News Online:- The Next Pandemic?
      http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/avianflu/
-> WSJ.com :- Avian Flu : Preventing a Pandemic
      http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB112896461663164579-ppo_6wfcgN3zajns2WY43LVH7E4_20051019.html?mod=blogs
-> BBCNews.com :- Bird flu vaccine '10 years away' 
      http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5132910.stm
-> AP News:- Bird flu border closures unlikely
      http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060626/ap_on_he_me/bird_flu_1;_ylt=AgKm5MJjV47h1C.L3bbQePiTvyIi;_ylu=X3oDMTBiMW04NW9mBHNlYwMlJVRPUCUl
-> MSNBC.com :- BIRD FLU : What You Need To Know
      http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4067116/
-> NEW YORK TIMES :- Health Topics: Avian Influenza
      http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/health/diseasesconditionsandhealthtopics/avianinfluenza/
-> VOA News :- Avian Flu News and Analysis
      http://www.voanews.com/english/avian_flu.cfm

INTERNATIONAL OSH RESOURCES:

-> World Health Organization (WHO)
    - Avian Influenza in Humans/ WHO's Control Guideline
       http://www.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/EA6D9DF3-688D-4316-91DF-5553E7B1DBCD/0/InfectionControlAIinhumansWHOInterimGuidelinesfor.pdf
    - WHO Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines/ Avian Influenza A Virus
       http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/guidelines/handlingspecimens/en/index.html
    - WHO Recommendations for Protection of Poultry Workers against Avian Influenza
       http://www.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/7693BAF7-13E7-42DB-B92B-004CF5D517E7/0/WHOinterimrecommendation26012004.pdf

-> World Organization for Animal Health
    - News on Animal Influenza and information for the control of the disease
       http://www.oie.int/eng/en_index.htm
       http://www.oie.int/downld/AVIAN%20INFLUENZA/A_AI-Asia.htm

-> Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
    - Animal Health: Avian Influenza
       http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/subjects/en/health/diseases-cards/special_avian.html
    - FAO Avian Influenza Emmergency news: Update on the AI Situation
       http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload//209858/AVIbull040.pdf
    - Avian Influenza Control and Eradication
       http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/subjects/documents/ai/Global_Programme_March06.pdf
    - Preparing for Highly Pathogenic Aviab Influenza
       http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/200354/HPAI_manual.pdf
    - Important Advice for Stopping the Spread of Avian Influenza
       http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload//207623/FAO_HPAI_messages.pdf
    - International Scientific Conference on Avian Influenza
       http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/subjects/en/health/diseases-cards/conference/index_en.html
    - Avian Influenza Long-term Emergency Plan
       http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000298/index.html

-> Inteernational Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied  Workers' Associations (IUF)
    - Protecting Agricultural Workers against Avian Influenza
       http://www.iuf.org/cgi-bin/dbman/db.cgi?db=default&uid=default&ID=2417&view_records=1&ww=1&en=1