Fire discipline

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Fire discipline is a system of communication in the military, primarily the Artillery. By definition, Fire Discipline is the language of fire control. It consists of words, phrases, rules, and conventions which have specific meanings and which result in some definite action at the guns. The Aim of Fire Discipline, is to ensure that in response to fire orders, (from a forward observer) appropriate action is taken at the guns, strictly in accordance with the intentions of the originator, and with a minimum of delay.

Basic Elements of a Call for Fire

An Initial call for fire (from an artillery battery)

• Observer Identification

• Warning Order

• Location of Target

• Description of Target

• Method of Engagement

• Method of Fire & Control

[edit] Call for Fire

In the United States Army, artillery is usually brought into play when a forward observer sends a three part "call for fire". While there are many "missions" available, the most common in a wartime scenario is the basic "adjust fire":

Fire missions are started with a warning order, stating the observer identification (call sign) and the type of mission to be fired: "M10 this is G35, Adjust fire, over." The next radio transmission will be from the artillery battery, mirroring what you sent: "G35 this is M10, adjust fire, out"

You then send a six digit MGRS grid coordinate with a 100,000 meter grid square identifier: "Grid ES 923 945, over"

You will always get a reply mirroring what you sent: "Grid ES 923 945, out"

The last element is the description of the target, and optionally, method of engagement and method of fire and control: "two BMPs and 20 enemy dismounted infantry in the open, over."

The phrase "in the open" is the degree of protection of the target. If you don't specify the method of engagement and the method of fire and control, the Fire Direction Center will choose the best method of engagement (ammunition type and fusing). Be it for a target in foxholes or dug in, in dense foliage, or in a bunker. If you or friendly troops are within 600 meters of the impact point, you would declare "danger close" in this last element. Danger close modifies how the fire is adjusted. Instead of large adjustments, fire is instead "walked" onto the targets in successive small movements.

"Two BMPs and 20 enemy dismounts in the open, out."

The next step would be for the FDC to send an MTO, message to observer, describing what ammunition is to be used, what gun is shooting the spotting rounds, and what guns will fire the actual mission. The identifiers are the last letter of the callsign for the gun and battery in question (one gun adjusts, the next callsign fires the actual fire for effect and how many shells each gun fires in the mission (assume 3 guns in the battery, the FDC decides that each fires 5 rounds, that's 15 rounds. Now imagine cluster munitions being used. The results can be devastating): "R, F, DPICM in effect, 5 rounds, over."

You reply: "R, F, DPICM in effect, 5 rounds out."

The FDC will then send the mission out to the individual guns to fire. After the guns get oriented and loaded, the mission is fired. The FDC will then send "Shot, over." to which you reply "Shot, out." This designates that the guns have fired. Corrections to your transmission are possible at any time up to this point. After shot is called, the rounds are on the way and any corrections or retractions are impossible.

The FDC will then be kind enough to send you warning that the rounds are 5 seconds from impact, so that you may observe the impact of the rounds for adjustment: "Splash, over" the reply is "Splash, out"

Sometimes, your initial target location might be off. This is why the mission is called "Adjust fire": you have the chance to adjust where the final impact will be when the full battery fires on the target.

The first step for adjustment is to send your direction to the target in mils and the correction in meters: "Direction 2500, add 100, left 150, over" Direction is rounded to the nearest 10 mils. to increase the range, you send ADD, to decrease you use DROP. "Direction 2500, add 100, left 150, out."

Let's assume your spotting round lands within the effective radius of your munitions. You would then send the command: "Fire for effect, over."

"Fire for effect, out."

You would then get another MTO, another "Shot" and "Splash" notification, and quite a few more explosions.

Again, however, things might not go as planned; your rounds might not be sufficient to destroy the target. You would then send the proword "Repeat, over."

The proword "repeat" is never used anywhere on a radio but when communicating that you want the previous artillery battery to fire the mission again. "Repeat, out."

Assuming you destroyed the target, you would then send an end of mission report: "M10, this is G35, End of mission: 2 BMPs destroyed, estimate 25 casualties, over."

"G35 this is M10, End of mission, 2 BMPs destroyed, estimate 25 casualties, out."

There are many different missions. The last-ditch, We're-being-overrun mission being "immediate suppression": Every gun in any concerned battery immediately fires whatever round and fuse is loaded, possibly from someone else's, or more than one callsign's mission. You might end up getting parachute flares, white phosphorus illumination, DPICM, and VT-HE rounds on your target in the same shot.