Handley Page Jetstream
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Jetstream | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Type | Regional airliner/Feederliner |
| Manufacturer | Originally Handley Page later British Aerospace |
| Maiden flight | 1967 |
| Introduced | 1969 |
| Number built | 458 |
| Variants | BAe Jetstream 41 |
The Handley Page HP.137 Jetstream is a small twin turboprop airliner, with a pressurised fuselage, designed to meet the requirements of the United States feederliner and regional airline market.
Contents |
[edit] Development
Handley Page was in an awkward position in the 1960s, wishing to remain independent of the "big two" British companies (Hawker Siddeley and the British Aircraft Corporation), but without the money needed to develop a large new airliner that would keep them in the market. After studying the problem, they decided that their next product would be a highly competitive small airliner instead. They identified an existing hole in the airliner market, and decided to fill it with a 12-18 seat high-speed design.
The original design dates from 1965 as a 12 seat (6 rows with a centre aisle) aircraft. The aircraft was a low wing, high tail monoplane, with a circular fuselage cross section. This allowed the aircraft to be pressurised, allowing much higher altitude flights and consequent higher speed and comfort than competing non-pressurised designs. Considerable attention was paid to streamlining in order to improve performance, which led to one of the design's more distinctive features, a long nose profile. One drawback of the design was that the main spar was a trip hazard in the cabin floor, which had a lowered aisle floor to allow standup passenger entry and egress through the rear door. The design garnered intense interest in the US when it was first introduced, and an order for 20 had been placed even before the drawings were complete.
Final assembly took place in a new factory at the Radlett aerodrome, but large portions of the structure are subcontracted, including complete wings being built by Scottish Aviation at Prestwick, and the tail section by Northwest Industries of Edmonton, Canada. The original design used Turboméca Astazou XIV engines of approximately 840 hp, and flew on 18 August 1967 as the Handley Page Jetstream 1 [1]. Throughout the test program the engines proved to be a sore spot, being generally underpowered for the design, and surprisingly temperamental for what was then a mature and well-used design. Testing was eventually moved to the Turboméca factory airfield in the south of France, both to allow faster turnaround with engine work, and in order to improve the schedule by taking advantage of the better weather.
In order to improve sales prospects in the US, the fifth prototype was fitted with the US-built Garrett AiResearch TPE-331 in place of the French Astazou. The US-built engine was enough to allow the US Air Force to consider it, eventually placing an order for eleven, fitted with a cargo door and accomodation for 12 passengers or 6 strecher cases, to be known as the C-10A, otherwise known as the Jetstream 3M. However the USAF cancelled their order in October 1969 ,[1], citing late delivery.
The first production model Jetstream 1 flew on 6 December 1968, and over the next year 36 would be delivered. However by this point Handley Page had given up on the original engine, and the Jetstream 2 was launched with the larger 965 hp Astazou XVI, starting deliveries in late 1969. By this point the late delivery and engine problems had driven development costs to over £13 million, far more than the original (and somewhat ridiculous) £3 million projections. Only three Jetstream 2s would be completed before Handley Page went bankrupt, and the production line eventually shut down in 1970.
There was enough interest in the design that it was first picked up by a collaboration of investors, Jetstream Aircraft, and Scottish Aviation. A further ten Jetstream 1s were produced by this team. Scottish Aviation continued production of the Jetstream 2 as well, although they referred to it as the Jetstream 200. In February 1972, twenty-six Jetstream 201s were ordered by the Royal Air Force, who used them as multi-engine trainers under the name Jetstream T.1. Fourteen of these were modified as observer trainers for the Royal Navy, designated Jetstream T.2.
It also featured in the 1979 James Bond Film [Moonraker] when the instruments are shot at and Bond is pushed out without a parachute.
[edit] British Aerospace Jetstream 31
After Scottish Aviation went bankrupt and was merged into British Aerospace in 1978, BAe decided the design was worth further development, and started work on a "Mark 3" Jetstream. As with the earlier 3M version for the USAF, the new version was re-engined with newer Garrett turboprops which offered significant advantages over the Turbomeca units. These were higher power (flat rated to 1020 shp with a thermodynamic limit of 1100 shp), offered longer overhaul intervals. This allowed the aircraft to be offered in an 18 seat option (6 rows(2+1)), with an offset aisle, and with a water methanol option for the engine to allow the ability to operate at maximum load from a much greater range of airfields, particularly in the continental United States and Australia.
The result was the Jetstream 31, which first flew on 28 March 1980[2], being certificated in the UK on 29 June 1982. The new version proved to be as popular as Handley Page had originally hoped for, and several hundred 31s were built during the 1980s. In 1985 a further engine upgrade was planned, which flew in 1988 as the Jetstream Super 31, also known as the Jetstream 32. Production continued until 1993, by which time 386 31/32s had been produced. Four Jetstream 31s, were ordered for the Royal Navy in 1985 as radar observer trainers, the Jetstream T.3, but were later used for VIP transport.
In 1993 British Aerospace adopted the Jetstream name as their brand name for all twin turboprop aircraft. As well as the Jetstream 31 and Jetstream 32, they also built the related Jetstream 41 and the unrelated, but co-branded BAe ATP/Jetstream 61 . The Jetstream 61 never entered service, was not certificated and ATP remained as the marketing name for this 64 seat turbo-prop.
In August 2006 a total of 158 BAE Jetstream 31 and 32 aircraft remain in airline service. Major operators include: Coast Air (8), Direktflyg (7), Sun Air of Scandinavia (8), Boston-Maine Airways (20) and RegionsAir (10). Some 49 other airlines operate smaller numbers of the types. [3]
[edit] Other Jetstream versions
- Riley Jetstream : A number of early Jetstream 1 aircraft were converted by Riley Aircraft of Carlsbad, California, to this version. The aircraft were fitted with two Astazou XVI turboprop engines.
- Jetstream 31 Airliner : 18/19 passenger commuter airliner.
- Jetstream 31 Corporate : 8/10 passenger executive transport aircraft.
- Jetstream 31EP : Enhanced performance.
- Jetstream 31EZ : EEZ or maritime patrol version.
- Jetstream Executive Shuttle : 12-seat executive transport aircraft.
- Jetstream 31 Special : Utility transport aircraft.
- Jetstream QC (Quick Change) :
- Jetstream 41 : 29 passenger aircraft.
[edit] Military Operators
[edit] Specifications (Jetstream 31)
Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1988-1989 [2]
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Capacity: 19 passengers
- Length: 14.37 m (47 ft 1¾ in)
- Wingspan: 15.85 m (52 ft 0 in)
- Height: 5.32 m (17 ft 5½ in)
- Wing area: 25.2 m² (271 ft²)
- Airfoil: NACA 63A418 at root, NACA 63A412 at tip
- Empty weight: 4,360 kg (9,613 lb)
- Loaded weight: kg (lb)
- Useful load: kg (kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 6,950 kg (15,332 lb)
- Powerplant: 2× Garrett TPE331-10UG turboprop, 701 kW (940 shp) each
Performance
- Never exceed speed: km/h (knots, mph)
- Maximum speed: 488 km/h (263 knots, 303 mph)
- Cruise speed: 426 km/h (230 knots, 264 mph)
- Stall speed: 159 km/h (86 knots, 99 mph)
- Range: 1,260 km (680 nm, 783 mi)
- Service ceiling: 7620 m (25,000 ft)
- Rate of climb: 10.6 m/s (2080 ft/min)
- Wing loading: 276 kg/m² (56.6 lb/ft²)
- Power/mass: 0.201 kW/kg (0.123 hp/lb)
[edit] References
- ^ a b Jackson, A J (1973). British Civil Aircraft Since 1919, Volume 2, Second edition, Putnam. ISBN 0 370 10010 7.
- ^ a b Taylor, JWR (Editor) (1988). Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1988-1989. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0 7106-0867-5.
- ^ Flight International, 3-9 October 2006
[edit] Related content
Comparable aircraft
Designation sequence
Handley Page Victor - Handley Page Jetstream - Handley Page Marathon - Handley Page Herald
Related lists
Timeline of aviation
Aircraft · Aircraft manufacturers · Aircraft engines · Aircraft engine manufacturers · Airports · Airlines
Air forces · Aircraft weapons · Missiles · Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) · Experimental aircraft
Notable military accidents and incidents · Notable airline accidents and incidents · Famous aviation-related deaths
Flight airspeed record · Flight distance record · Flight altitude record · Flight endurance record · Most produced aircraft
[edit] References
- ^ a b Jackson, A J (1973). British Civil Aircraft Since 1919, Volume 2, Second edition, Putnam. ISBN 0 370 10010 7.
- ^ a b Taylor, JWR (Editor) (1988). Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1988-1989. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0 7106-0867-5.
- ^ Flight International, 3-9 October 2006
