Itaipu
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Itaipu (Guarani: Itaipu, Portuguese: Itaipu, Spanish: Itaipú; pronounced [i.ta.i.'pu]) is a hydroelectric dam on the Paraná River located on the border between Brazil and Paraguay.
The name "Itaipu" was taken from an isle that existed near the construction site. Itaipu, from the Guarani language, means "singing stones". The American composer Philip Glass has also written a symphonic cantata named Itaipu in honour of the structure.
Itaipu Binacional is a company that runs the largest operational hydroelectric power plant in the world [1]. It is a binational undertaking run by Brazil and Paraguay at the Paraná River on the border section between the two countries, 15 km north of the Friendship Bridge. The project ranges from Foz do Iguaçu, in Brazil, and Ciudad del Este in Paraguay, in the south to Guaíra and Salto del Guairá in the north. The installed generation capacity of the plant is 14 GW, with 20 generating units of 700 MW each. In the year 2000 it achieved its generating record of 93.4 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh), which supplied 93% of the energy consumed by Paraguay and 20% of that consumed by Brazil as of 2005.
Contents |
[edit] History
[edit] Negotiations between Brazil and Paraguay
The concept behind Itaipu Power Plant is the result of heavy negotiations between the two countries during the 1960s. The "Ata do Iguaçu" (Iguaçu Act) was signed on July 22, 1966, by the Brazilian and Paraguayan Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Juracy Magalhães and Sapena Pastor, respectively. This was a joint declaration of the mutual interest in studying the exploitation of the hydric resources that the two countries shared in the section of the Paraná River starting from and including the Salto de Sete Quedas to the Iguaçu River's watershed. The Treaty that gave origin to the power plant was signed in 1973
[edit] Construction starts
The works began in January 1975.
[edit] Paraná River rerouted
On October 14, 1978, the Paraná River had its route changed, which allowed a section of the riverbed to dry so the dam could be built there.
[edit] Agreement by Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina
An important diplomatic settlement was reached with the signing of the Acordo Tripartite by Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, on October 19, 1979. This agreement established the allowed river levels and how much they could change as a result of the various hydroelectrical undertakings in the watershed that was shared by the three countries. . By that time, as the three countries were ruled by military dictatorships, Argentina was concerned that, in the event of a conflict, Brazil could open the floodgates, raising the water level in the Plata River and consequently flooding the capital city of Buenos Aires.
[edit] Formation of the lake
The plant's reservoir began its formation on October 13, 1982, when the dam works were completed and the side canal's gates were closed. Throughout this period, water rose 100 meters (330 feet) and reached the gates of the spillway at 10:00 AM on October 27 due to the heavy rains and flooding that took place at the time.
[edit] Start of operations
On the May 5, 1984, the first generation unit started running in Itaipu. The first 18 units were installed at the rate of two to three a year; the last two of these started running in the year 1991.
[edit] Capacity expansion in 2007
The last two units started operations in September 2006 and in March 2007, thus raising the installed capacity to 14,000 MW and completing the power plant. Nevertheless, due to a clause in the treaty signed between Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, the maximum number of generating units allowed to operate simultaneously can not exceed 18.
The rated nominal power of each generating unit (turbine and generator) is 700 MW. However due to the fact that the head (difference between reservoir level and the river level at the foot of the dam) that actually occurs is higher than the design head, the power available during 50% of the time exceeds 750 MW.
Each turbine generates around 700 megawatts; for comparison, all the water from the Iguazu Falls would have capacity to feed only two generators.
[edit] Power transmission
Of the currently 18 generator units installed, nine of them generate in 50 Hz, the grid frequency of Paraguay and 9 generate in 60 Hz, the Brazilian grid frequency. There's also a power converter on the Brazilian side that allows the transformation of 50 Hz into 60 Hz energy that is not used in Paraguay.
[edit] "Wonder of the Modern World"
The Itaipu Dam is listed as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World, in a list compiled in 1995 by the American magazine Popular Mechanics.
[edit] Social Impact
When construction of the dam began, aproximately 10,000 families living beside the Parana river were dislodged from their plots in order to make way for the dam. Many of these families sought refuge in the town of Medianeira, a town not far from the confluence of the Iguacu and Parana rivers. Some of these families eventually came to be members of one of Brazil's largest social movements, the MST, or Landless Worker's Movement. [2]
[edit] Other information
The amount of concrete used to build the Itaipu Power Plant would be enough to build 210 football stadiums the size of Maracanãs.
The iron and steel used would allow for the construction of 380 Eiffel Towers.
The maximum flow of Itaipu's spillway is 62.2 thousand cubic metres per second, it is equivalent to 40 times the average flow of the Iguazu Falls.
The flow of two generators (700 m3·s−1 each) is roughly equivalent to the average flow of the Falls (1500 m3·s−1).
If Brazil were to use Thermal Power Generation to produce the electric power of Itaipu, 434 thousand barrels of petroleum would have to be burned every day.
The volume of excavation of earth and rock in Itaipu is 8.5 times greater than that of the Euro Tunnel and the volume of concrete is 15 times greater.
The dam is 196 metres high, equivalent to a 65-stories building [3].
Though it is the seventh greatest in size in Brazil, the Itaipu's reservoir has the best relation between production and flooded area. For the 12,600 MW installed power, 1350 square kilometres were flooded. The reservoirs for the hydroelectric power plants of Sobradinho, Tucuruí, Porto Primavera, Balbina, Serra da Mesa and Furnas are all larger than the one for Itaipu, but have a smaller installed capacity.
The one with the largest energy production, Tucuruí, has an installed capacity of 4,240 MW, but it had to flood 2,430 square kilometres of land.
Around forty thousand people worked in the construction[citation needed].
[edit] Generation
| Year | Number of Installed Units |
GWh |
|---|---|---|
| 1984 | 0–2 | 277 |
| 1985 | 2–3 | 6,327 |
| 1986 | 3–6 | 21,853 |
| 1987 | 6–9 | 35,807 |
| 1988 | 9–12 | 38,508 |
| 1989 | 12–15 | 47,230 |
| 1990 | 15–16 | 53,090 |
| 1991 | 16–18 | 57,517 |
| 1992 | 18 | 52,268 |
| 1993 | 18 | 59,997 |
| 1994 | 18 | 69,394 |
| 1995 | 18 | 77,212 |
| 1996 | 18 | 81,654 |
| 1997 | 18 | 89,237 |
| 1998 | 18 | 87,845 |
| 1999 | 18 | 90,001 |
| 2000 | 18 | 93,428 |
| 2001 | 18 | 79,307 |
| 2002 | 18 | 82,914 |
| 2003 | 18 | 89,151 |
| 2004 | 18 | 89,911 |
| 2005 | 18 | 87,971 |
| 2006 | 19 | 92,690 |
| Total | 19 | 1,483,602 |
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Itaipu Company Site(in Portuguese, English, and Spanish)
- Introduction
- Power conversion
- Power conditioning
- The Itaipu Transmission System
-
- Satellite image from WikiMapia or Google Maps
- Street map from Multimap or GlobalGuide
- Aerial image from TerraServer
[edit] References
- ^ Power: World's biggest hydroelectric facility. USGS. Retrieved on May 18, 2006.
- ^ Branford, Sue and Jan Rocha. Cutting the Wire: The Story of the Landless Movement in Brazil. London: Latin American Bureau, 2002.
- ^ Itaipu binacional - Technical data - Comparisons. Retrieved on February 16, 2007.
