James G. Blaine

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James Gillespie Blaine

28th United States Secretary of State 31st United States Secretary of State
In office March 7, 1881 – December 19, 1881 March 7, 1889 – June 4, 1892
Preceded by	William M. Evarts Thomas F. Bayard
Succeeded by	Frederick T. Frelinghuysen John W. Foster

Born	January 31, 1830 West Brownsville, Pennsylvania, USA
Died	January 27, 1893 (aged 62) Washington, D.C., USA
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Harriet Stonwood Blaine
Profession	Lawyer, Politician

James Gillespie Blaine (January 31, 1830 – January 27, 1893) was a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine and a two-time United States Secretary of State. He was a dominant Republican leader of the Third Party System, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland.

1 Background
2 Congressional career
3 Secretary of State and run for the presidency
4 Later life and death
5 Monuments and memorials
6 Trivia
7 Bibliography
8 Sources

[edit] Background

Blaine was born in the Pittsburgh suburb of West Brownsville, Washington County, Pennsylvania. He was the great-grandson of Colonel Ephraim Blaine (1741 - 1804), who during the American War of Independence served in the American army from 1778 to 1782 as commissary-general of the Northern Department. With many early evidences of literary capacity and political aptitude, Blaine graduated at Washington College (now Washington and Jefferson College) in nearby Washington, Pennsylvania, in 1847, where he was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Subsequently he taught at the Western Military Institute in Blue Lick Springs, Kentucky and from 1852 to 1854, he taught at the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind in Philadelphia. During this period, also, he studied law. He married Harriet Stanwood on June 30, 1850.

Settling in Augusta, Maine, in 1854, he became editor of the Kennebec Journal, and subsequently on the Portland Advertiser.

Editorial work was soon abandoned for a more active public career. He served as a member in Maine House of Representatives from 1859 to 1862, serving the last two years as Speaker of the House. He also became chairman of the Republican state committee in 1859, and for more than twenty years personally directed every campaign of his party. Among his adoring admirers, he was known as the "Plumed Knight."

[edit] Congressional career

James G. Blaine in his younger years.

Blaine was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-eighth Congress and to the six succeeding U.S. Congress and served from March 4, 1863, to July 10, 1876, when he resigned. He was Speaker of the United States House of Representatives for three terms—during the 41st through 43rd Congresses. He served as chairman of the U.S. House Committee on Rules during the 43rd through 45th Congresses, followed by over four years in the Senate.

The House was the fit arena for his political and parliamentary ability. He was a ready and powerful debater, full of resource, and dexterous in controversy. The tempestuous politics of the Civil War and Reconstruction period suited his aggressive nature and constructive talent. The measures for the rehabilitation of the states that had seceded from the Union occupied the chief attention of Congress for several years, and Blaine bore a leading part in framing and discussing them. The primary question related to the basis of representation upon which they should be restored to their full rank in the political system. A powerful section contended that the basis should be the body of legal voters, on the ground that the South should not be given more seats as long it it disfranchised Freedmen. Blaine, on the other hand, contended that representation should be based on population instead of voters, as being fairer to the North, where the ratio of voters varied widely, and he insisted that it should be safeguarded by security for impartial suffrage. This view prevailed, and the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was substantially Blaine's proposition.

Blaine opposed the Radical republican scheme of military governments for the southern states tehre was a clear path by which they could release themselves from military rule and resume civil government. He was the first in Congress to oppose the claim, which gained momentary and widespread favour in 1867, that the public debt, pledged in coin, should be paid in greenbacks. He tyook up the cause of naturalized American citizens who, on return to their native land, were subject to prosecution on charges of disloyalty. His work led to the treaty of 1870 between the United States and Britain, which placed adopted and native citizens on the same footing.

In 1875, allegedly to promote the separation of church and state, Blaine proposed a constitutional amendment that would prohibit the use of public funds by any religious school. The amendment did not pass at the federal level, falling only four votes of the required two-thirds majority in the Senate, but a majority of states subsequently adopted similar laws, which are commonly known as Blaine Amendments. The amendment did not forbid generic religious instruction at public schools, so long as it was not under the control of a particular sect. (Indeed, public schools continued to teach Biblical studies and religious instruction for some years even in states which adopted Blaine Amendments.)

James G. Blaine

Catholics denounced the Blaine Amendment as anti-Catholic, but it was strongly supported by pietistic Protestants, especially Methodists, Baptists and Congregationalists.

Blaine was an unsuccessful candidate for nomination for President on the Republican ticket in 1876 and 1880. (See U.S. presidential election, 1876, U.S. presidential election, 1880.) His chance for securing the 1876 nomination, however, was damaged by persistent charges that as a member of Congress he had been guilty of corruption in his relations with the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railway and the Northern Pacific Railway. By the majority of Republicans, he was considered to have cleared himself completely, and at the Republican National Convention he missed the nomination for President by only 28 votes, being finally beaten by a combination of supporters of all the other candidates going to dark horse nominee Rutherford B. Hayes. He was mocked by political opponents as Blaine, Blaine, James G. Blaine, the continental liar from the State of Maine!

Blaine was appointed and subsequently elected as a Republican to the United States Senate. He served for four years, and his political activity was unabated— currency laws were especially prominent in his legislative portfolio. Blaine, who had previously opposed greenback inflation, now resisted depreciated silver coinage. He championed the advancement of American shipping, and advocated liberal subsidies, insisting that the policy of protection should be applied on sea as well as on land.

He was re-elected and served from July 10, 1876, to March 5, 1881, when he resigned to become Secretary of State. While in the Senate, he held the minor chairmanships of the U.S. Senate Committee on Civil Service and Retrenchment (45th Congress) and U.S. Senate Committee on Rules (also 45th Congress). During this period he tried again for a Presidential nomination: The Republican national convention of 1880, divided between the two nearly equal forces of Blaine and former President Ulysses Grant—John Sherman of Ohio also having a considerable following—struggled through 36 ballots, when the friends of Blaine, combining with those of Sherman, succeeded in nominating James Garfield.

Blaine/Logan campaign poster

[edit] Secretary of State and run for the presidency

Blaine was Secretary of State in the cabinets of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur. After Garfield was assassinated and Garfield, President Arthur kept him on until December, 1881.

He was the unsuccessful Republican nominee for President in 1884, the only nonincumbent Republican nominee to lose a presidential race between 1856 and 1916. (See U.S. presidential election, 1884.) Republican reformers called "Mugwumps" supported Cleveland because of Blaine's reputation for corruption. After heated canvassing, during which he made a series of brilliant speeches, he was beaten by a narrow margin in New York. Many, including Blaine himself, attributed his defeat to the effect of a phrase, "Rum, Romanism and Rebellion", used by a Protestant clergyman, the Rev. Samuel D. Burchard , on October 29, 1884, in Blaine's presence, to characterize what, in his opinion, the, Democrats stood for. "Rum" meant the liquor interest; "Romanism" meant Catholics; "Rebellion" meant Confederates in 1861.

An 1884 cartoon in Puck magazine ridicules Blaine as the tattooed-man, with many indelible scandals.

The phrase was not Blaine's, but his opponents made use of it to characterize his hostility toward Catholics, some of whom probably did switch their vote. Blaine's mother was a Roman Catholic of Irish descent and his sister was a nun, and speculation was that he might gain votes from a heavily Democratic group. However, Catholics were already suspicious of Blaine over his support of the Blaine Amendments, and this confirmed many suspicions.

Refusing to be a presidential candidate again in 1888, he became Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President Benjamin Harrison from 1889 to 1892.

James Blaine in his office (1890)

His service at State was distinguished by several notable steps. In order to promote the friendly understanding and co-operation of the nations on the American continents he projected a Pan-American Congress, which, after being arranged for and led by Blaine as its first president, was frustrated by his retirement. (Its most important conclusions were the need for reciprocity in trade, a continental railway and compulsory arbitration in international complications.) Shaping the tariff legislation for this policy, Blaine negotiated a large number of reciprocity treaties which augmented the commerce of his country.

He upheld American rights in Samoa, pursued a vigorous diplomacy with Italy over the lynching of 11 Italians accused of being Mafiosi who murdered the police chief in New Orleans in 1891, held a firm attitude during the strained relations between the United States and Chile over a deadly barroom brawl involving sailors from the USS Baltimore; and carried on with Britain a controversy over the seal fisheries of Bering Sea—a difference afterwards settled by arbitration. Blaine sought to secure a modification of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, and in an extended correspondence with the British government strongly asserted the policy of an exclusive American control of any isthmian canal which might be built to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Blaine resigned on June 4, 1892, on the eve of the meeting of the Republican National Convention. His name, when once again submitted for consideration by the delegates, drew little support.

[edit] Later life and death

During the leisure of his later years he wrote Twenty Years of Congress (1884-1886), a brilliant historical work in two volumes.

Blaine played a role in founding Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, and he served as a longtime trustee (1863-1893) of the college . Blaine received an honorary degree from Bates in 1869.

Blaine died in Washington at the age of 63 and was interred in Oak Hill Cemetery. Reinterment took place in the Blaine Memorial Park, Augusta, Maine, in June 1920.

[edit] Monuments and memorials

Counties named in his honor include Blaine County, Idaho; Blaine County, Montana; Blaine County, Oklahoma; and Blaine County, Nebraska.
The cities of Blaine, Washington, and Blaine, Minnesota, and the towns of Blaine, Maine, and Blain, Pennsylvania are named after him.
There is a James G. Blaine school in Chicago.
His house, Blaine Mansion, is now the official residence of the Governor of Maine.
There is a James G. Blaine Memorial in downtown Portland, ME.

[edit] Trivia

Blaine was the only Mainer to ever receive a major-party Presidential nomination, and the only presidential candidate on a major party ticket whose name rhymed with his state.
Blaine is the second and last United States Secretary of State to serve two non-consecutive terms. Daniel Webster was the first.
Blaine was with Garfield when he was shot by Charles Julius Guiteau. According to Sarah Vowell (in “Assassination Vacation”) Guiteau spoke (apparently more than once) to Blaine about the Paris consulship that he wanted. Blaine was irritated by his persistence. Guiteau stalked Garfield and watched Blaine and Garfield walking together happily ( “It's a pretty picture-nice that Garfield enjoyed the last walk he'd ever take.”) the night before the assassination.
In the alternate history novel How Few Remain by Harry Turtledove, Blaine is portrayed as President, incompetently pursuing a second Civil War some twenty years after a Confederate victory in the first.
In the 1960s, Portland Oregonian columnist Stewart Holbrook founded the imaginary "James G. Blaine Society" to promote conservation and controlled growth.* Catalyzed with Oregon's "quality of life" agenda and politics of the era, the fanciful society survived Holbrook, remaining a popular notion into the early 1970s. "Membership cards" were distributed, and lapel buttons bearing Blaine's visage were worn.

[edit] Bibliography

Morgan, H. Wayne From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877-1896. (1969).
Muzzey, David Saville. James G. Blaine: A Political Idol of Other Days (1934), the stanard biography online edition
Rolde, Neil, Continental Liar from the State of Maine: James G Blaine, Gardiner, Maine, 2006
Summers, Mark Wahlgren. Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884 (2000) online version

[edit] Sources

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

Bates College 2006 Alumni Directory

Preceded by Theodore Pomeroy	Speaker of the United States House of Representatives March 4, 1869–March 4, 1873; December 1, 1873–March 4, 1875	Succeeded by Michael C. Kerr
Preceded by Lot Myrick Morrill	United States Senator (Class 2) from Maine 1876 - 1881 Served alongside: Hannibal Hamlin	Succeeded by William P. Frye
Preceded by William M. Evarts	United States Secretary of State 1881	Succeeded by Frederick T. Frelinghuysen
Preceded by James A. Garfield	Republican Party presidential candidate 1884 (lost)	Succeeded by Benjamin Harrison
Preceded by Thomas F. Bayard	United States Secretary of State 1889 – 1892	Succeeded by John W. Foster