Khorasan

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Khorasan (Persian: خراسان) (also transcribed as Khurasan and Khorassan, anciently called Traxiane during Hellenistic and Parthian times^[1]) is currently a region located in north eastern Iran, but historically referred to a much larger area east and north-east of the Persian Empire (see Greater Khorasan). The name Khorasan is Persian and means "where the sun arrives from." The name was given to the eastern province of Persia during the Sassanid empire. Khorasan is famous world wide for its saffron and zereshk which are produced in the southern cities of the province. Production is more than 170 tons per year. Khorasan is also known for its famous rugs as well as for the ferdousi and imamreza shrines/tombs.

Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided to three provinces on September 29, 2004. The provinces approved by the parliament (on May 18, 2004) and the Council of Guardians (on May 29, 2004) are:

North Khorasan, center: Bojnourd, other counties: Shirvan, Jajarm, Maneh and Samlaghan, Esfarayen
South Khorasan, center: Birjand, other counties: Sarayan, Nahbandan, Sarbisheh
Razavi Khorasan, center: Mashhad, other counties: Ghouchan, Dargaz, Chenaran, Sarakhs, Fariman, Torbat-e Jam, Taybad, Ferdows, Ghayen, Khaf and Rashtkhar, Kashmar, Bardaskan, Neyshabour, Sabzevar, Gonabad, Kalat, Boshrooyeh and Khalil Abad

Nader Shah's tomb in Mashad.

The older Persian province of Khorasan (also known as the Greater Khorasan) included parts which are today in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Some of the main historical cities of Persia are located in the older Khorasan: Nishapur (now in Iran), Merv and Sanjan (now in Turkmenistan), Samarkand and Bukhara (both now in Uzbekistan), Herat, Kabul, Ghazni and Balkh (now in Afghanistan). In its long history, Khorasan knew many conquerors and empires: Greeks, Arabs, Seljuk Turks, Safavids, Pashtuns (ethnic Afghans) and others.

The major ethnic group in this region is Persians, Most of the people in the region speak closely related modern day dialects of Persian (see also: Dari; Tajiki). However Khorasan, as a result of its troubled history, is peopled by a great variety of ethnic groups: Turcomans in the northwest; Kurds around Bojnurd and Quchan; Timuris and Jamshidis in the east, some of whom are still nomadic and are believed to be of mixed Iranic and Turkic origin; and in the southeast, Baloch people. The highlands in the south are home to a settled population of old Iranian stock. There is also a sizeable Afghan community in the province due to the influx of refugees from Afghanistan in recent years. Here and there are found Berberis of Mongol origin, Khorasani Arabs, Gypsies, and a few Jews in the towns. The largest cluster of settlements and cultivation stretches around the city of Meshed northwestward, containing the important towns of Quchan, Shirvan, and Bojnurd. The languages spoken in Khorasan are Turkish, Persian, and Kurdish.