Land of Israel
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The Land of Israel (Hebrew: ארץ ישראל, Masoretic: [ˈɛɾɛsʕ yisrɔˈel], Israeli: [ˈerets yisraˈel], Yiddish: [ˈɛrɪts yɪsˈrɔɪl]) is a term and concept in Jewish thought concerning the historic and divinely ordained/given territory of the Jewish People
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[edit] Definitions of the term and its earliest roots
The term "Land of Israel" is derived from two Hebrew words used in the Hebrew Bible: ארץ (Eretz) which means "land" or "country" in English, and ישראל (Yisrael) which is written as "Israel," a direct near-romanized and transliterated proper noun adopted directly by English from Hebrew. The two words used together in this context mean "Land [of] Israel."
The name "Israel" derives from the biblical patriarch Jacob, later known as Israel, literally meaning "struggled with God/he struggles with God". According to the account in the Book of Genesis, Jacob wrestled with a stranger (in later tradition said to have been an angel) at a river ford and won through perseverance. God then changed his name to Israel signifying that he had deliberated with God and won as he had wrestled and won with men.
Jacob's descendents were termed the Children of Israel or Israelites and the land they inherited from Abraham, Isaac and Jacob became known as the Land of Israel. The modern State of Israel מדינת ישראל (Medinat Yisrael) derived and based its name on the earlier usages and applications of "Israel" during Jewish history.
[edit] The Promised Land
According to the Bible, particularly in Genesis, the Land of Israel was promised as an everlasting possession to the descendants of the Jewish patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob by God, making it the Promised Land.
- On that day, God made a covenant with Abram, saying: "To your descendants I have given this land, from the river of Egypt as far as the great river the Euphrates. The land of the Kenites, Kenizites, Kadmonites; the Hittites, Perizzites, Refaim; the Emorites, Canaanites, Girgashites and Jebusites." - Genesis 15:18-21
[edit] Dimensions of the Land of Israel
The Tanakh (or Hebrew Bible, referred to also as the "Old Testament" by Christians) contains several descriptions of the borders of the land.[1] These descriptions encompass a region that extends from the "River of Egypt"[2] to the Euphrates. Areas known to be included are the modern State of Israel, the West Bank (Judea and Samaria), the Gaza Strip, and parts of modern-day Syria and Lebanon. The biblically described region also encompasses the Sinai Peninsula, which is widely believed to encompass the route of the Hebrew Exodus from Egypt. The land allocated east of the Jordan River in Numbers 34:1-15 includes much of Jordan.
Genesis 15:18-21 describes what is referred to in Jewish tradition as Gevulot Ha-aretz ("Borders of the Land") regarded as the full extent of the land promised to Abraham.
Numbers 34:1-15 describes the land allocated to the Israelite tribes after the Exodus. The tribes of Reuben, Gad and half of Manasseh received land east of the Jordan as explained in Numbers 34:14-15. Numbers 34:1-13 provides a detailed description of the borders of the land allocated to the remaining tribes. The region is called "the Land of Canaan" (Eretz Kna'an) in Numbers 34:2 and the borders are known in Jewish tradition as the "borders for those coming out of Egypt". The English expression "Promised Land" can denote either the land promised to Abraham in Genesis or the land of Canaan, although the latter meaning is more common.
Ezekiel 47:13-20 provides a post-exilic definition of borders. The definition in Ezekiel describes the Land of Israel which, according to Ezekiel's prophecy, is a repeat of the promised land with tribal allocations for Israel to return to after their captivity (Ezekiel was during the Babylonian captivity after the fall of Jerusalem in 597 and 586 BC by Nebuchadnezzar). The definition is a reminder that both God's promise and desire for Israel was not cancelled completely by the situation that led to captivity. The borders of the land described by the text in Ezekiel include from the northern border of modern Lebanon eastwards (the way of Hethlon) to Zedad and Hazar-enan in modern Syria; south by south-west to the area of Busra on the Syrian border (area of Hauran in Ezekiel); the West Bank and a strip of western Jordan down to the Gulf of Aqaba near Ezion-geber; either the entire Sinai peninsula (see debate in the following paragraph) or from Eilat/Taba on the Gulf of Aqaba via Kadesh-barnea to the Brook of Egypt; the Gaza Strip and all the land in between.
There are several points of debate however. The border with Egypt is given as the Nachal Mitzrayim (Brook of Egypt) in Numbers and Deuteronomy, as well as in Ezekiel. The traditional Jewish understanding of the term (as expressed in the commentaries of Rashi and Yehuda Halevi as well as the Aramaic Targums) is that it refers to the Nile, more precisely the Pelusian branch of the Nile Delta according to Halevi, a view supported by Egyptian and Assyrian texts. Later commentators identified it with the Wadi El-Arish and the Besor has also been suggested in recent times. Genesis however gives the border with Egypt as Nahar Miztrayim. This is generally understood to be the Nile, nahar denoting a large river. If different to Nachal Mitzrayim, the Genesis verse includes a larger area of land westwards. A minority interpret Nahar Mitzrayim together with Nachal Miztrayim as a wadi as well.
The precise southern and eastern borders of the Land of Israel are also the subject of debate. Only the Red Sea and Euphrates are mentioned which can be understood to mean that the whole Arabian peninsula is included as well. More reticent interpretations take the southern border to be a line from the mouth of the Euphrates to Eilat or a line of latitude from the mouth of the Gulf of Eilat. (See the linked offsite map of the Land of Israel showing the latter interpretation as well as the interpretation including the Arabian peninsula.) Still another view is that the Euphrates forms only a northern border and that the southern and eastern border extends from Eilat to an undetermined point on the Euphrates.
Another point of debate for some religious scholars is the consistent reference to the inclusion of "the Land of the Hittites" within the borders. Some view the Hittites as one of the tribes that had settled in Canaan and was conquered by Joshua, while others refer to a greater empire that encompassed most of Central Turkey.
[edit] From Dan to Beersheba
The common Biblical phrase used to refer to the territories actually settled by Israelites (as opposed to military expansions) is "from Dan to Beersheba" (or its variant "from Beersheba to Dan"), which occurs in the Biblical verses Judges 20:1, 1 Samuel 3:20, 2 Samuel 3:10, 2 Samuel 17:11, 2 Samuel 24:2, 2 Samuel 24:15, 1 Kings 4:25, 1 Chronicles 21:2, and 2 Chronicles 30:5.
[edit] The Land of Israel and the State of Israel
During the British Mandate of Palestine, the name Eretz Yisrael (abbreviated א״י Aleph-Yod), was part of the official name of the territory, when written in Hebrew. That name was (פלשתינה (א״י. The government of the British Mandate of Palestine wanted the name to be פלשתינה (Palestina) while the Yishuv wanted ארץ ישראל (Eretz Yisrael). The compromise eventually achieved was that the initials א"י would be written in brackets whenever פלשתינה is written. Consequently, in 20th century political usage, the term "Land of Israel" usually denotes only those parts of the land which came under the British mandate, i.e. the land currently controlled by the State of Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip, and sometimes also Transjordan (now the Kingdom of Jordan).
The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel commences by drawing a direct line from Biblical times to the present:
The Land of Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their spiritual, religious and political identity was shaped. Here they first attained to statehood, created cultural values of national and universal significance and gave to the world the eternal Book of Books.
Satellite image of the Land of Israel in January 2003.After being forcibly exiled from their land, the people kept faith with it throughout their Dispersion and never ceased to pray and hope for their return to it and for the restoration in it of their political freedom.
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On the 29th November, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling for the establishment of a Jewish State in Eretz-Israel; the General Assembly required the inhabitants of Eretz-Israel to take such steps as were necessary on their part for the implementation of that resolution. This recognition by the United Nations of the right of the Jewish people to establish their State is irrevocable.
[edit] The Land of Israel in Jewish law (Halakha)
According to Jewish law (Halakha), several religious laws only apply to Jews living in the Land of Israel and some areas in Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria (which are thought to be part of Biblical Israel). These include agricultural laws and laws regarding taxation. Many of the laws which applied in ancient times are applied in the modern State of Israel; others have not been revived, since the State of Israel is a modern secular country.
Additionally according to Halakha every Jew has an obligation to dwell in the Land of Israel, and may not leave except for specifically permitted reasons (e.g., to get married).[3] There are also many laws dealing with how to treat the Land itself.
[edit] See also
- History of the Middle East
- Region of Palestine and History of Palestine
- Israel and History of Israel
- Holy Land
- Promised land
- Greater Israel
- Jewish history
[edit] Notes
- ^ Several verses from the Torah and a verse from the Book of Joshua define the borders of the Promised Land. Verses include:
- ^ (Nahar Mitzrayim in Genesis 15:18, but Nachal Miztrayim in Numbers 34:5)
- ^ The Ramban's addition to the Rambam's Sefer HaMitzvot.
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- Genesis 15:18-21
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- In that day the LORD made a covenant with Abram, saying: ‘Unto thy seed have I given this land, from the river of Egypt unto the great river, the river Euphrates; the Kenite, and the Kenizzite, and the Kadmonite, and the Hittite, and the Perizzite, and the Rephaim, and the Amorite, and the Canaanite, and the Girgashite, and the Jebusite.’
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- Exodus 23:31
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- And I will set thy border from the Red Sea even unto the sea of the Philistines, and from the wilderness unto the River; for I will deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hand; and thou shalt drive them out before thee.
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- Numbers 34:1-15
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- And the LORD spoke unto Moses, saying: ‘Command the children of Israel, and say unto them: When ye come into the land of Canaan, this shall be the land that shall fall unto you for an inheritance, even the land of Canaan according to the borders thereof. Thus your south side shall be from the wilderness of Zin close by the side of Edom, and your south border shall begin at the end of the Salt Sea eastward; and your border shall turn about southward of the ascent of Akrabbim, and pass along to Zin; and the goings out thereof shall be southward of Kadesh-barnea; and it shall go forth to Hazar-addar, and pass along to Azmon; and the border shall turn about from Azmon unto the Brook of Egypt, and the goings out thereof shall be at the Sea. And for the western border, ye shall have the Great Sea for a border; this shall be your west border. And this shall be your north border: from the Great Sea ye shall mark out your line unto mount Hor; from mount Hor ye shall mark out a line unto the entrance to Hamath; and the goings out of the border shall be at Zedad; and the border shall go forth to Ziphron, and the goings out thereof shall be at Hazar-enan; this shall be your north border. And ye shall mark out your line for the east border from Hazar-enan to Shepham; and the border shall go down from Shepham to Riblah, on the east side of Ain; and the border shall go down, and shall strike upon the slope of the sea of Chinnereth eastward; and the border shall go down to the Jordan, and the goings out thereof shall be at the Salt Sea; this shall be your land according to the borders thereof round about.’ And Moses commanded the children of Israel, saying: ‘This is the land wherein ye shall receive inheritance by lot, which the LORD hath commanded to give unto the nine tribes, and to the half-tribe; for the tribe of the children of Reuben according to their fathers’ houses, and the tribe of the children of Gad according to their fathers’ houses, have received, and the half-tribe of Manasseh have received, their inheritance; the two tribes and the half-tribe have received their inheritance beyond the Jordan at Jericho eastward, toward the sun-rising.’
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- Deuteronomy 1:6-8
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- The LORD our God spoke unto us in Horeb, saying: ‘Ye have dwelt long enough in this mountain; turn you, and take your journey, and go to the hill-country of the Amorites and unto all the places nigh thereunto, in the Arabah, in the hill-country, and in the Lowland, and in the South, and by the sea-shore; the land of the Canaanites, and Lebanon, as far as the great river, the river Euphrates. Behold, I have set the land before you: go in and possess the land which the LORD swore unto your fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give unto them and to their seed after them.’
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- Deuteronomy 11:24
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- Every place whereon the sole of your foot shall tread shall be yours: from the wilderness, and Lebanon, from the river, the river Euphrates, even unto the hinder sea shall be your border.
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- Joshua 1:4
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- From the wilderness, and this Lebanon, even unto the great river, the river Euphrates, all the land of the Hittites, and unto the Great Sea toward the going down of the sun, shall be your border.
A sequence from the Book of Ezekiel provides a vision of borders in end times of a smaller region allocated to the 12 tribes in equal divisions west of the Jordan.
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- Ezekiel 47:13-20
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- Thus saith the Lord GOD: ‘This shall be the border, whereby ye shall divide the land for inheritance according to the twelve tribes of Israel, Joseph receiving two portions. And ye shall inherit it, one as well as another, concerning which I lifted up My hand to give it unto your fathers; and this land shall fall unto you for inheritance. And this shall be the border of the land: on the north side, from the Great Sea, by the way of Hethlon, unto the entrance of Zedad; Hamath, Berothah, Sibraim, which is between the border of Damascus and the border of Hamath; Hazer-hatticon, which is by the border of Hauran. And the border from the sea shall be Hazar-enon at the border of Damascus, and on the north northward is the border of Hamath. This is the north side. And the east side, between Hauran and Damascus and Gilead, and the land of Israel, by the Jordan, from the border unto the east sea shall ye measure. This is the east side. And the south side southward shall be from Tamar as far as the waters of Meriboth-kadesh, to the Brook, unto the Great Sea. This is the south side southward. And the west side shall be the Great Sea, from the border as far as over against the entrance of Hamath. This is the west side.
Historical: Land of Israel · Kingdom of Israel · Kingdom of Judah · Iudaea Province · Israel
Districts: List of districts · Jerusalem District · North District · Haifa District · Center District · Tel Aviv District · South District · Judea and Samaria
Bodies of water: Sea of Galilee · Mediterranean Sea · Gulf of Eilat / Red Sea · Dead Sea
Disputed territories: · Disputed territories · Judea and Samaria · Gaza Strip · Golan Heights
Cities: List of cities · Jerusalem · Tel Aviv-Yafo · Haifa · Beersheba
Regions: Bet Shean Valley · Galilee · Judea · Judean Mountains · Hulah Valley · Jezreel Valley · Jordan Valley · Negev · Samaria · Brook of Sorek
Bordering nations: Lebanon · Syria · Jordan · Egypt
Archaeology: Archaeology of Israel
