Late Old Japanese language
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| Late Old Japanese 中古日本語 |
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|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Japan | |
| Language extinction: | Evolved into Early Middle Japanese at the end of the 12th century | |
| Language family: | Japonic Late Old Japanese |
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| Writing system: | Hiragana, Katakana, and Han | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | — | |
| ISO 639-3: | — | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
Late Old Japanese (中古日本語 chūko nihongo?) is a stage of the Japanese language used between 794 and 1185, a time known as the Heian Period. It is the successor to Old Japanese.
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[edit] Background
Whereas Old Japanese borrowed and adapted the Chinese script to write Japanese, during the Late Old period two new scripts emerge: Hiragana and Katakana. This development simplified writing and brought about a new age in literature with such classics as The Tale of Genji, The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, The Tales of Ise and many others.
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[edit] Phonemes
Major phonological changes are a characteristic of this period. Whereas Old Japanese made 88 syllabic distinctions, Late Old reduces that count to 66.
| a | i | u | e | o |
| ka | ki | ku | ke | ko |
| ga | gi | gu | ge | go |
| sa | si | su | se | so |
| za | zi | zu | ze | zo |
| ta | ti | tu | te | to |
| da | di | du | de | do |
| na | ni | nu | ne | no |
| ha | hi | hu | he | ho |
| ba | bi | bu | be | bo |
| ma | mi | mu | me | mo |
| ya | yu | yo | ||
| ra | ri | ru | re | ro |
| wa | wi | we |
The most prominent difference is the the loss of Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, which distinguished between two types of -i, -e, and -o. While the beginnings of this loss can already be seen at the end of Old Japanese, it is completely lost early in Late Old Japanese. The final phonemes to be lost are /ko1/ and /ko2/.
During the 10th century, /e/ and /ye/ merge into /e/ while /o/ and /wo/ merge into /o/ by the 11th century.
[edit] Phonetics
[edit] Vowels
- /a/: [a]
- /i/: [i]
- /u/: [u]
- /e/: [je]
- /o/: [wo]
[edit] Consonants
[edit] /k, g/
/k, g/: [k, g]
[edit] /s, z/
Theories for /s, z/ include [s, z], [ts, dz], and [ʃ, ʒ]. It may have varied depending on the following vowel, as it does with modern Japanese.
[edit] /t, d/
/t, d/: [t, d]
[edit] /n/
/n/: [n]
[edit] /h/
/h/ continues to be phonetically realized as [ɸ] . With one exception: By the 11th century, intervocalic /h/ is realized as [w].
[edit] /m/
/m/: [m]
[edit] /y/
/y/: [j]
[edit] /r/
/r/: [r]
[edit] /w/
/w/: [w]
[edit] Syllable structure
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[edit] Grammar
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[edit] Verbs
Late Old Japanese inherits all eight verbal conjugations from Old Japanese and adds one new one: Lower Monograde (下一段).
[edit] Conjugation
| Verb Class | Irrealis 未然形 |
Adverbial 連用形 |
Conclusive 終止形 |
Attributive 連体形 |
Realis 已然形 |
Imperative 命令形 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quadrigrade (四段) | -a | -i | -u | -u | -e | -e |
| Upper Monograde(上一段) | - | - | -ru | -ru | -re | -(yo) |
| Upper Bigrade (上二段) | -i | -i | -u | -uru | -ure | -i(yo) |
| Lower Monograde (下一段) | -e | -e | -eru | -eru | -ere | -e(yo) |
| Lower Bigrade (下二段) | -e | -e | -u | -uru | -ure | -e(yo) |
| K-irregular (カ変) | -o | -i | -u | -uru | -ure | -o |
| S-irregular (サ変) | -e | -i | -u | -uru | -ure | -e(yo) |
| N-irregular (ナ変) | -a | -i | -u | -uru | -ure | -e |
| R-irregular (ラ変) | -a | -i | -i | -u | -e | -e |
[edit] Consonant / Vowel Stem
Verbs having a base that ends in a consonant are known as consonant-stem. These are exhibited by the following conjugation classes: Quadrigrade, Upper Bigrade, Lower Monograde, Lower Bigrade, S-irregular, R-irregular, K-irregular, and N-irregular.
Verbs having a base that ends in a vowel are known as vowel-stem. These are exhibited by the following conjugation classes: Upper Monograde.
[edit] Irregular Verbs
There are several verbs with irregular conjugations.
- K-irregular: k- "come"
- S-irregular: s- "do"
- N-irregular: sin- "die", in- "go, die"
- R-irregular: ar- "be, exist", wor- "be, exist"
The conjugation class for each is named after the final stem consonant.
[edit] Adjectives
There were two types of adjectives: regular adjectives and adjectival nouns.
The regular adjective is sub-classified into two types: those where the adverbial form (連用形) ends in -ku and those that end in –siku. This creates two different types of conjugations:
| Adjective Class | Irrealis 未然形 |
Adverbial 連用形 |
Conclusive 終止形 |
Attributive 連体形 |
Realis 已然形 |
Imperative 命令形 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -ku | -ku | -si | -ki | -kere | ||
| -kara | -kari | -si | -karu | -kare | ||
| -siku | -siku | -si | -siki | -sikere | ||
| -sikara | -sikari | -si | -sikaru | -sikare |
The -kar- and -sikar- forms are derived from the verb ar- "be, exists". The adverbial conjugation (-ku or -siku) is suffixed with ar-. The conjugation yields to the R-irregular conjugation of ar-. The resulting -ua- elides into -a-.
The adjectival noun retains the original nar- conjugation and adds a new tar-:
| Type | Irrealis 未然形 |
Adverbial 連用形 |
Conclusive 終止形 |
Attributive 連体形 |
Realis 已然形 |
Imperative 命令形 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nar- | -nara | -nari -ni |
-nari | -naru | -nare | -nare |
| Tar- | -tara | -tari -to |
-tari | -taru | -tare | -tare |
The nar- and tar- forms share a common etymology. The nar- form is a contraction of case particle ni and r-irregular verb ar- "is, be": ni + ar- > nar-. The tar- form is a contraction of case particle to and r-irregular verb ar- "is, be": to + ar- > tar-. Both derive their conjugations from the verb ar-.
[edit] References
- 山口, 明穂; 鈴木英夫, 坂梨隆三, 月本幸 (1997). 日本語の歴史. 東京大学出版会. ISBN 4-13-082004-4.
- 近藤, 泰弘; 月本雅幸, 杉浦克己 (2005). 日本語の歴史. 放送大学教育振興会. ISBN 4-595-30547-8.
- 大野, 晋 (2000). 日本語の形成. 岩波書店. ISBN 4-00-001758-6.
- Martin, Samuel E. (1987). The Japanese Language Through Time. Yale University. ISBN 0-300-03729-5.
- Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990). The languages of Japan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36918-5.
