List of crimes involving radioactive substances

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This is a list of criminal (or arguably, allegedly, or potentially criminal) acts involving radioactive substances. Inclusion in this list does not necessarily imply that anyone involved was guilty of a crime.

1 Misuse of alpha emitters for murder/attempted murder
- 1.1 Plutonium
- 1.2 The Litvinenko murder
  - 1.2.1 Radioactive thallium
  - 1.2.2 Polonium-210
    - 1.2.2.1 Details of the radiological threat posed by polonium-210
2 Criminal use of X-ray equipment and other radiation technology by secret police
3 Atomic spies
4 Trafficking in radioactive and nuclear materials
5 Quack medicine
- 5.1 Associated links
6 Investigation
- 6.1 Nature of the radioactive source
7 See also
- 7.1 References

[edit] Misuse of alpha emitters for murder/attempted murder

Two well known cases exist. In Germany, a man attempted to murder a woman with plutonium. In 2006, former KGB officer Alexander Litvinenko was killed in London by persons unknown (as of 2006) using the short-lived alpha emitter polonium-210.

[edit] Plutonium

In the German case, a man attempted to poison his ex-wife with plutonium stolen from WAK (Wiederaufbereitungsanlage Karlsruhe), a small scale reprocessing plant where he worked. He did not steal a large amount of plutonium, just some rags used for wiping surfaces and a small amount of liquid waste. The man was eventually sent to prison.^[1]^[2] At least two people (besides the criminal) were contaminated by the plutonium.^[3] Two flats in Landau in the Rhineland-Palatinate were contaminated, and had to be cleaned at a cost of two million euro.^[4] Photographs of the case and details of other nuclear crimes have been presented by a worker at the Institute for Transuranium Elements.^[5]

[edit] The Litvinenko murder

During Litvinenko's medical treatment more than one hypothesis existed as to the cause of Litvinenko's ill health. The first theory was that it was a normal case of thallium poisoning. Later, it was suggested that a radioactive isotope of thallium had been used. The third and final hypothesis (following Litvinenko's death) was that he had been poisoned with a radioactive isotope of polonium. All the evidence now indicates that polonium was used to kill Litvinenko.

It was unlikely that the medical doctor would recognize the correct cause of the illness as very few medical doctors have experience with radiological illness or injury. Instead, Litvinenko was most likely to die of unexplained cause such as idiopathic pancytopenia.[1]

[edit] Radioactive thallium

It was then suggested that a radioactive isotope of thallium might have been used.^[6]

Thallium, in large amount, can be a poison in itself, whever radioactive or not. The 201 isotope of Thallium, in traces amount, is used routinely around the world for medical procedures such as myocardial scintigraphy.

Dr. Amit Nathwani, one of Litvinenko's physicians, reported: "His symptoms are slightly odd for thallium poisoning, and the chemical levels of thallium we were able to detect are not the kind of levels you'd see in toxicity."^[7] Hours before his death, three unidentified circular-shaped objects were found in his stomach via an X-ray scan.^[8] It is thought these objects were almost certainly shadows caused by the presence of Prussian blue, the treatment he had been given for thallium poisoning.^[9]

Following a deterioration of his condition on 20 November, Litvinenko was moved into intensive care. It was reported that his doctors had given him a 50/50 chance of survival over the three- to four-week period following the poisoning.^[10]

News reports at this stage kept an open mind on the cause of Litvinenko's condition, with Scotland Yard considering whether the poison could have been self-administered.^[11]

[edit] Polonium-210

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Shortly after his death, the BBC reported that preliminary tests on the body of Alexander Litvinenko have indicated that he was poisoned with the radioactive isotope polonium-210 which was most likely inhaled or ingested, and traces of which were found at three London locations: in his Muswell Hill home, at a hotel in Grosvenor Square, and at the sushi restaurant where he had met Scaramella.^[12]^[13]

The UK's Health Protection Agency confirmed that they were investigating the risks to people who have been in contact with him.^[14]

[edit] Details of the radiological threat posed by polonium-210

At a committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) of 5.14×10⁻⁷ sieverts per becquerel (1.9×10³ mrem/µCi) for ingested ²¹⁰Po and a specific activity of 1.66×10¹⁴ Bq/g (4.49×10³ Ci/g)^[15] the amount of material required to produce a lethal dose of radiation poisoning would be only about 0.12 micrograms (1.17×10⁻⁷g). The CEDE is normally used for expressing how likely internal exposure is to cause cancer, as the effective half life in humans of polonium is 37 days and the time between the poisoning and the death was short then the dose suffered by Alexander Litvinenko per unit of activity would have been lower than the CEDE. The biological halflife is 30 to 50 days in humans.^[16]

[edit] Criminal use of X-ray equipment and other radiation technology by secret police

Some former East German dissidents claim that the Stasi used X-ray equipment to induce cancer in political prisoners.^[17]

Similarly, some anti-Castro activists claim that the Cuban secret police sometimes used radioactive isotopes to induce cancer in "adversaries they wished to destroy with as little notice as possible".^[18] In 1997, the Cuban expatriate columnist Carlos Alberto Montaner called this method "the Bulgarian Treatment", after its alleged use by the Bulgarian secret police.^[19]

[edit] Atomic spies

See Nuclear espionage for the main page. A number of people have been arrested and convicted of spying with regards to nuclear matters. For example see the cases of Klaus Fuchs, Theodore Hall, David Greenglass, the Rosenbergs, Harry Gold, Mordechai Vanunu and Wen Ho Lee.

[edit] Trafficking in radioactive and nuclear materials

Some cases of theft and/or smuggling of nuclear/radioactive materials have been reported.^[20] These cases differ from the scrap metal theft which results in the lost source events because it is the intention of the criminal to obtain radioactive/nuclear materials. Many of these events involve unenriched uranium or thorium, but a few of them involve either enriched uranium or plutonium.^[21]

In the case of Polonium 210, its almost exclusive alpha emission makes it very hard to detect. As damaging as its emission can be when inside a living organism, it is stopped by a simple paper sheet or the very first layer of skin. Therefore, it can only be scanned by direct contact and could be smuggled fairly easily inside a passenger bag, with no risk to its bearer.

[edit] Quack medicine

In the early 20th century a series of "medical" products which contained radioactivity were marketed to the general public, these are included in this discussion of nuclear/radioactive crime because the sale and production of these products is now covered by criminal law. Because some perfectly good radioactive medical products exist (such as iodine-131 for the treatment of cancer) it is important to note that the sale of the products similar to those described below is criminal because they are unlicensed medicines.

Radithor was a well known patent medicine/snake oil that is possibly the best known example of radioactive quackery. It consisted of triple distilled water containing at a minimum 1 microcurie each of the Radium 226 and 228 isotopes, as well as 1 microcurie of isothiouronium, a cheaper radioactive compound.^[22]

Radithor was manufactured from 1918 - 1928 by the Bailey Radium Laboratories, Inc., of East Orange, New Jersey. The head of the laboratories was listed as Dr. William J. A. Bailey, not a medical doctor.^[23] It was advertised as "A Cure for the Living Dead"^[24] as well as "Perpetual Sunshine".

These radium elixirs were marketed similar to the way opiates were peddled to the masses with Laudanum an age earlier, and electrical cure-alls during the same time period such as the Prostate Warmer.^[25]

The eventual death of the socialite Eben Byers from Radithor consumption and the associated radiation poisoning led to the strengthening of the Food and Drug Administration's powers and the demise of most radiation quack cures.

[edit] Associated links

[edit] Investigation

For an overview please see [2].

[edit] Nature of the radioactive source

By means of radiometric methods such as Gamma spectroscopy (or a method using a chemical separation followed by an activity measurement with a non-energy-dispersive counter), it is possible to measure the concentrations of radioisotopes and to distinguish one from another. Below is a graph drawn from databooks of how the gamma spectra of three different isotopes which relate to this case using an energy-dispersive counter such as a germanium semiconductor detector or a sodium iodide crystal (doped with thallium) scintillation counter. In this chart the line width of the spectral lines is about 1 keV and no noise is present, in real life background noise would be present and depending on the detector the line width would be larger so making it harder to make an identification and measurement of the isotope. In biological/medical work it is common to use the natural ⁴⁰K present in all tissues/body fluids as a check of the equipment and as an internal standard.