Nearctic
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For the thoroughbred racehorse see Nearctic (horse).
The Nearctic is one of the eight terrestrial ecozones dividing the Earth's land surface.
The Nearctic ecozone covers most of North America, including Greenland and the highlands of Mexico. Southern Mexico, southern Florida, Central America, and the Caribbean islands are part of the Neotropic ecozone, together with South America.
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[edit] Major ecological regions
The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) divides the Nearctic into four Bioregions, defined as "geographic clusters of ecoregions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)."
[edit] Canadian Shield
The Canadian Shield bioregion extends across the northern portion of the continent, from the Aleutian Islands to Newfoundland. It includes the Nearctic's Arctic Tundra and Boreal forest ecoregions.
[edit] Eastern North America
The Eastern North America bioregion includes the Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, the Great Plains temperate grasslands of the central United States and south-central Canada, and the Temperate coniferous forests of the southeastern United States.
[edit] Western North America
The Western North America bioregion includes the Temperate coniferous forests of the coastal and mountain regions of southern Alaska, western Canada, and the western United States from the Pacific to the Rocky Mountains, as well as the cold-winter intermountain deserts and xeric shrublands and temperate grasslands and shrublands of the western United States.
[edit] Northern Mexico
The Northern Mexico bioregion includes the mild-winter deserts and xeric shrublands of northern Mexico and the southwestern United States, including the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, and Mojave deserts, as well as the Mediterranean climate California chaparral and woodlands and the warm temperate and subtropical pine and pine-oak forests, including the Arizona Mountains forests and the Sierra Madre Occidental, Sierra Madre Oriental, and Sierra Juarez and San Pedro Martir pine-oak forests.
[edit] History
Although North America and South America are presently joined by the Isthmus of Panama, these continents were separated for about 180 million years, and evolved very different plant and animal lineages. When the ancient supercontinent of Pangaea split into two about 180 million years ago, North America remained joined to Eurasia as part of the supercontinent of Laurasia, while South America was part of the supercontinent of Gondwana. North America later split from Eurasia. North America has been joined by land bridges to both Asia and South America since then, which allowed an exchange of plant and animal species between the continents, the Great American Interchange.
A former land bridge across the Bering Strait between Asia and North America allowed many plants and animals to move between these continents, and the Nearctic ecozone shares many plants and animals with the Palearctic. The two ecozones are sometimes included in a single Holarctic ecozone.
Many large animals, or megafauna, including horses, camels, mammoths, mastodonts, ground sloths, sabre-tooth cats (Smilodon), the giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simius), and the cheetah, became extinct in North America at the end of the Pleistocene epoch (ice ages), at the same time the first evidence of humans appeared, in what is called the Holocene extinction event. Previously it was believed that the megafaunal extinctions were caused by the changing climate, but many scientists now believe that while the climate change contributed to these extinctions, the primary cause was hunting by newly-arrived humans or, in the case of some large predators, extinction resulting from prey becoming scarce. The American bison (Bison bison), brown bear or grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), and elk or wapiti (Cervus canadensis) entered North America around the same time as the first humans, and expanded rapidly, filling ecological niches left empty by the newly-extinct North American megafauna.
[edit] Flora and fauna
[edit] Flora and fauna that originated in the Nearctic
Animals originally unique to the Nearctic include:
- Family Canidae, dogs, wolves, foxes, and coyotes
- Family Camelidae, camels and their South American relatives including the llama.
- Family Equidae, horses and their relatives.
- Family Antilocapridae, which includes the pronghorn
- Tremarctine, or short-faced, bears, including the extinct giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simius). The last remaining member of the group is the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) of South America.
- The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) evolved in North America and later spread to Eurasia.
[edit] Flora and fauna endemic to the Nearctic
One bird family, the wrentits (Timaliinae), is endemic to the Nearctic region. The Holarctic has four endemic families: divers (Gaviidae), grouse (Tetraoninae), auks (Alcidae), and the waxwings (Bombycillidae).
Plants families endemic or nearly endemic to the Nearctic include Crossosomataceae, Simmondsiaceae, and Limnanthaceae.
[edit] Nearctic Terrestrial Ecoregions
| Nearctic Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests edit | |
|---|---|
| Sonoran-Sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest | Mexico |
| Nearctic Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests edit | |
|---|---|
| Bermuda subtropical conifer forests | Bermuda |
| Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak forests | Mexico, United States |
| Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests | Mexico, United States |
| Nearctic Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests edit | |
|---|---|
| Allegheny Highlands forests | United States |
| Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests | United States |
| Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests | United States |
| Central U.S. hardwood forests | United States |
| East Central Texas forests | United States |
| Eastern forest-boreal transition | Canada, United States |
| Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests | Canada, United States |
| Gulf of St. Lawrence lowland forests | Canada |
| Mississippi lowland forests | United States |
| New England-Acadian forests | Canada, United States |
| Northeastern coastal forests | United States |
| Ozark Mountain forests | United States |
| Southeastern mixed forests | United States |
| Southern Great Lakes forests | United States |
| Upper Midwest forest-savanna transition | United States |
| Western Great Lakes forests | Canada, United States |
| Willamette Valley forests | United States |
| Nearctic Boreal forests/taiga edit | |
|---|---|
| Alaska Peninsula montane taiga | United States |
| Central Canadian Shield forests | Canada, United States |
| Cook Inlet taiga | United States |
| Copper Plateau taiga | United States |
| Eastern Canadian forests | Canada |
| Eastern Canadian Shield taiga | Canada |
| Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga | Canada, United States |
| Mid-Continental Canadian forests | Canada |
| Midwestern Canadian Shield forests | Canada, United States |
| Muskwa-Slave Lake forests | Canada |
| Newfoundland Highland forests | Canada |
| Northern Canadian Shield taiga | Canada |
| Northern Cordillera forests | Canada |
| Northwest Territories taiga | Canada |
| South Avalon-Burin oceanic barrens | Canada |
| Southern Hudson Bay taiga | Canada |
| Yukon Interior dry forests | Canada |
| Nearctic Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands edit | |
|---|---|
| Western Gulf coastal grasslands | Mexico, United States |
| Nearctic Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands edit | |
|---|---|
| California Central Valley grasslands | United States |
| Canadian aspen forests and parklands | Canada, United States |
| Central and Southern mixed grasslands | United States |
| Central forest-grasslands transition | United States |
| Central tall grasslands | United States |
| Edwards Plateau savanna | United States |
| Flint Hills tall grasslands | United States |
| Montana valley and foothill grasslands | United States |
| Nebraska Sand Hills mixed grasslands | United States |
| Northern mixed grasslands | Canada, United States |
| Northern short grasslands | Canada, United States |
| Northern tall grasslands | Canada, United States |
| Palouse grasslands | United States |
| Texas blackland prairies | United States |
| Western short grasslands | Canada, United States |
| Nearctic Tundra edit | |
|---|---|
| Alaska-St. Elias Range tundra | Canada, United States |
| Aleutian Islands tundra | United States |
| Arctic coastal tundra | Canada, United States |
| Arctic foothills tundra | Canada, United States |
| Baffin coastal tundra | Canada |
| Beringia lowland tundra | United States |
| Beringia upland tundra | United States |
| Brooks-British Range tundra | Canada, United States |
| Davis Highlands tundra | Canada |
| High Arctic tundra | Canada |
| Interior Yukon-Alaska alpine tundra | Canada, United States |
| Kalaallit Nunaat high arctic tundra | Greenland |
| Kalaallit Nunaat low arctic tundra | Greenland |
| Low Arctic tundra | Canada |
| Middle Arctic tundra | Canada |
| Ogilvie-MacKenzie alpine tundra | Canada, United States |
| Pacific Coastal Mountain icefields and tundra | Canada, United States |
| Torngat Mountain tundra | Canada |
| Nearctic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub edit | |
|---|---|
| California chaparral and woodlands | Mexico, United States |
| Nearctic Deserts and xeric shrublands edit | |
|---|---|
| Baja California desert | Mexico |
| Central Mexican matorral | Mexico |
| Chihuahuan desert | Mexico, United States |
| Colorado Plateau shrublands | United States |
| Great Basin shrub steppe | United States |
| Gulf of California xeric scrub | Mexico |
| Meseta Central matorral | Mexico |
| Mojave desert | United States |
| Snake-Columbia shrub steppe | United States |
| Sonoran desert | Mexico, United States |
| Tamaulipan matorral | Mexico |
| Tamaulipan mezquital | Mexico |
| Wyoming Basin shrub steppe | United States |
| Ecozones |
| Afrotropic · Antarctic · Australasia · Indomalaya · Nearctic · Neotropic · Oceania · Palearctic |
[edit] External links
[edit] References
- Flannery, Tim (2001). The Eternal Frontier: an Ecological History of North America and its Peoples. Grove Press, New York.
- Ricketts, Taylor H., Eric Dinerstein, David M. Olson, Colby J. Loucks, et. al. (1999). Terrestrial Ecoregions of North America: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington DC.
