Nucleobase

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Chemical structure of base pair bonding. Thymine (T) bonds with adenine (A), and cytosine (C) bonds with guanine (G).

Nucleobases are the parts of RNA and DNA that may be involved in pairing (see also base pairs). These include cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine (DNA), uracil (RNA) and xanthine and hypoxanthine (mutated forms of guanine and adenine, respectively). These are abbreviated as C, G, A, T, U, X and HX respectively. They are usually simply called bases in genetics. Because A, G, C and T appear in the DNA, these molecules are called DNA-bases; A, G, C and U are called RNA-bases, respectively.

Hypoxanthine and xanthine are created through mutagen presence, through deamination (replacement of the amine-group with a hydroxyl-group). Hypoxanthine is produced from adenine, xanthine from guanine and uracil from cytosine.

Uracil replaces thymine in RNA. These two bases are identical except that uracil lacks the 5' methyl group. Adenine and guanine belong to the double-ringed class of molecules called purines (abbreviated as R). Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are all pyrimidines (abbreviated as Y).

A base covalently bound to the 1' carbon of a ribose or deoxyribose is called a nucleoside, and a nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups attached at the 5' carbon is called a nucleotide.

1 Structure
- 1.1 Purines
- 1.2 Pyrimidines
2 See also
3 External links

[edit] Structure

The "skeleton" of adenine, guanin, hypoxanthine and xanthine is purine, hence the name purine-bases.
The "skeleton" of cytosine, uracil and thymine is pyrimidine, hence pyrimidine-bases.

[edit] Purines

Nucleobase	Nucleoside
Adenine	Adenosine A
Guanine	Guanosine G
Hypoxanthine	Hypoxanthinosine HX
Xanthine	Xanthinosine X

[edit] Pyrimidines

Nucleobase	Nucleoside
Thymine	Thymidine T
Cytosine	Cytidine C
Uracil	Uridine U

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

Base pairing in DNA Double Helix (shows specific hydrogen bonds)

v • d • e Major Families of Biochemicals
Peptides \| Amino acids \| Nucleic acids \| Carbohydrates \| Lipids \| Terpenes \| Carotenoids \| Tetrapyrroles \| Enzyme cofactors \| Steroids \| Flavonoids \| Alkaloids \| Polyketides \| Glycosides
Analogues of nucleic acids:	Types of Nucleic Acids	Analogues of nucleic acids:
Nucleobases:	Adenine \| Thymine \| Uracil \| Guanine \| Cytosine \| Purine \| Pyrimidine
Nucleosides:	Adenosine \| Uridine \| Guanosine \| Cytidine \| Deoxyadenosine \| Thymidine \| Deoxyguanosine \| Deoxycytidine
Nucleotides:	AMP \| UMP \| GMP \| CMP \| ADP \| UDP \| GDP \| CDP \| ATP \| UTP \| GTP \| CTP \| cAMP \| cADPR \| cGMP
Deoxynucleotides:	dAMP \| TMP \| dGMP \| dCMP \| dADP \| TDP \| dGDP \| dCDP \| dATP \| TTP \| dGTP \| dCTP
Ribonucleic acids:	RNA \| mRNA \| piRNA \| tRNA \| rRNA \| ncRNA \| sgRNA \| shRNA \| siRNA \| snRNA \| miRNA \| snoRNA \| LNA
Deoxyribonucleic acids:	DNA \| mtDNA \| cDNA \| plasmid \| Cosmid \| BAC \| YAC \| HAC
Analogues of nucleic acids:	GNA \| PNA \| TNA \| morpholino