President of Egypt
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The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the elected Head of State of Egypt. Under the Egyptian Constitution, the President is also the Supreme Commander of the armed forces and head of the Executive branch of the Egyptian government.
The First President of Egypt, Muhammad Naguib, took office on June 18, 1953.
The 4th and current President of Egypt is Hosni Mubarak. His first term ran from October 14, 1981 and as of September 2005 is serving his fifth term in office. President Mubarak is not constitutionally barred from another term.
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[edit] Presidential Powers
Under the system created by the 1980 constitutional amendments, the President is the pre-eminent executive figure, who names the Prime Minister. During martial law, the president also anoints deans of faculties and majors, and can also fire or hire people in the private sector. Egypt has been under martial law since 1981. When the President's political party or supporters control Parliament, the President is in effect the ‘dominant’ player in executive action, choosing whoever he wishes for government, and having it follow ‘his’ political agenda. However, when the President's political opponents control parliament, the President's dominance can be severely limited, as he must choose a prime minister and cabinet reflecting the majority in Parliament. By convention, the President controls foreign-affairs and defence related issues of the state, while the Prime Minister manages the day-to-day affairs including the economy.
In the late 1970s Egypt had several cohabitation governments which proved to be unstable, due to the struggle arising between the President and the Prime Minister. However, since 1981, the National Democratic Party has maintained a majority in the People’s Assembly and supplied the Presidency.
[edit] Requirements to hold office
Article 75 of the Egyptian Constitution establishes the requirements one must meet in order to become President. The President of the Republic should be an Egyptian born to Egyptian parents and enjoy civil and political rights. His age must not be less than 40 Gregorian years.
[edit] Election
[edit] Candidancy
Additional requirements were provisioned in Article 76 of the Egyptian constitution concerning candidates for the President's office.
- A political party nominee:
A political party may nominate a member of the party's highest leadership body for the first Presidential election to be held in light of the amendment, in accordance with the by-laws of each political party.
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- The candidate must have occupied one of the top leadership positions in the party for a period of one year.
- The political party must have been established for a period of five years, and managed to win 5% of the seats in the People’s Assembly (the lower house of Parliament), and 5% in the Shoura Council (the upper house).
- An independent candidate:
An independent candidate must receive the endorsement of 250 elected members from Egypt’s representative bodies (approximately 6.5% from a total of 3847 representatives), from which a minimum of 65 endorsements to be obtained from the People’s Assembly (which constitutes 14%), 25 endorsements from the Shoura Council (also 14%) and 10 Local Council endorsements from 14 Governorates (4.5%) in order to ensure geographic representation.
[edit] Election Procedure
[edit] Old system
Under the 1980 amendments of the Egyptian Constitution, the President of Republic is elected indirectly in a two-stage system unique to Egypt. The People’s Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, nominates one of a number of candidates for presidency. The presidential candidate requires at least a two-thirds majority in the People’s Assembly in order to proceed to the second stage of the elections. The presidential candidate is voted on in a yes-or-no binding public referendum. On achieving a simple majority in the public referendum, the presidential candidate is sworn in as President. However, if the candidate is fails to obtain the required majority, the People’s Assembly nominates a new candidate for presidency, thus returning to the first stage of elections. The President may be re-elected multiple times with no limitation on the number of terms allowed to be served.
This system for the Egyptian presidential election was regarded by many as not being fully democratic due to the fact that it is the People’s Assembly and not the populace itself, who retains the upper-hand in choosing the Chief of State. In addition, it allowed for whatever party or coalition controlling the People’s Assembly to put forward their candidate as the presidential candidate.
[edit] Current system
In February 2005, President Mubarak asked the Egyptian Parliament to pass a new Election law that would allow a change to the country's presidential elections. President Mubarak’s letter to Parliament outlined a set of principles to be included in the new constitutional amendment. These principles include:
- The election of the President of the Republic by direct secret ballot from among all citizens who enjoy the right to vote.
- Ensuring the necessary guarantees for multiple candidates to be put forward to the people so as to be elected by direct vote.
- Provisions that would ensure the credibility of the nomination process.
- Providing the opportunity for political parties to put forward one of their leadership to contest the first presidential elections to be held in light of this amendment.
- The establishment of an Election Commission that would enjoy complete independence to supervise the election process.
- Convening the election in a single day.
- Provision of the required modalities to ensure judicial supervision over the voting process.
The following provisions regarding the election process are stipulated in Article 76 as amended:
A successful candidate must be elected by the majority of the votes. If no candidate attains such a majority, elections will be repeated after at least 7 days between the two candidates having the highest votes. In case of a tie between the candidate who attained the second highest votes and a third candidate, the third candidate shall participate in the second round. The candidate who receives the highest votes in the second round shall be declared President.
The amendment also provides that a law will be passed to regulate the relevant election procedures. This law is expected to regulate the various aspects of the election process itself, including campaign funding, equal access to the media, and guarantees of fair competition.
As required by the amendment, this law will be submitted to the Supreme Constitutional Court to opine on its constitutionality. This establishes an important precedent in Egypt’s legal tradition, by which the Supreme Constitutional Court shall have the right of prior review of national legislation to decide on its compatibility with the Constitution. This differs from the practice thus far by which the review process undertaken by the Court on national legislation was done subsequent to the passage of legislation.
| Candidates, Nominating parties | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|
| Hosni Mubarak, National Democratic Party (Al-Hizb Al-Watani Al-Dimuqrati) | 6,316,714 | 88.6 |
| Ayman Nour, Tomorrow Party (Hizb al-Ghad) | 540,405 | 7.3 |
| Numan Gomaa, New Wafd Party (Hizb al-Wafd al-Jadid) | 201,891 | 2.8 |
| Total (Turnout 22.9 %) | 7,059,010 |
brandon=== Presidential campaign ===
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[edit] Presidential Election Commission
The amendment to Article 76 of the constitution provides for the establishment of a “Presidential Election Commission” that would enjoy complete independence, and would be charged with the supervision of the Presidential election process.
The Commission will be composed of 10 members, presided by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court and four other ex officio members of the judiciary who are the most senior serving Deputy President of each of the Supreme Constitutional, the Court of Cassation, and the High Administrative Court, and the President of the Cairo Court of Appeal.
The rest of the Commission will be made up from five independent and neutral public figures: 3 to be selected by the Peoples Assembly and 2 to be selected by the Shoura Council.
Decisions of this Committee shall be passed by a majority of 7 votes. This Commission will have a term of five years and will be exclusively competent to supervise the presidential election process, including accepting nominations, announcing the names of accepted candidates, supervision of election procedures, vote counting and announcement of the results.
It will also have final judicial competence to rule on any contestation or challenge submitted in relation to the presidential elections, and its decision will be final and subject to no appeal. The Committee will issue its own regulations and shall be competent to establish general sub-committees from among members of the Judiciary, to monitor the various phases of the election process, under its supervision. The election process will be completed in one day.
[edit] Inauguration and oath of office
In accordance with Article 79 of the constitution, the President must take the following oath or affirmation before exercising his functions: "I swear by Almighty God to uphold the Republican system with loyalty, to respect the Constitution and the law, and to look after the interests of the people fully and to safeguard the independence and territorial integrity of the motherland".
[edit] Term(s) of office
Under the Constitution, the President serves six Gregorian years starting from the date of the announcement of result of the plebiscite. The President of the Republic may be re-elected for other successive terms. The constitution did not specify the number of terms a president shall remain in office, however recent reformers have continuously asked for such a limit to be incorporated in the constitution.
As of 2006, President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak has been the President of the Republic since 14 October 1981 and is currently serving his fifth term. President Mubarak was re-elected in 1987, 1993, 1999, and 2005, making him the longest serving Egyptian President in the history of the Republic.
[edit] Succession
In case of a temporary incapacitation of the president, the constitution provides the president to delegate his powers to a vice-president.
In case of the vacancy of the Presidential office or the permanent incapacitation of the President, the Speaker of the People’s Assembly shall temporarily assume the Presidency. In case the People’s Assembly is dissolved at such a time the President of the Supreme Constitutional Court shall take over the Presidency on condition that neither one shall nominate himself for the Presidency.
The People’s Assembly shall then proclaim the vacancy of the office of President, and a new president shall be chosen within a maximum period of sixty days form the date of the vacancy of the office.
Although, the constitution doesn't directly stipulate any role for the Vice-President in the process of Presidential succession, It had become a tradition for the People's Assembly to nominate the Vice-President for the vacant office of the President. Both Sadat and Mubarak served as Vice-Presidents at the time the Presidential office became vacant. Mubarak has not appointed anyone for the position of the Vice-President, although many intellectuals and activists have called for an active Vice-Presidency.
[edit] Other Information
The official residence and office of the president is Abdeen Palace, in Old Cairo, Cairo. Other Presidential Palaces include:
- Heliopolis Presidential Palace, in Heliopolis, Cairo
- Ras Al-Teen Palace, in Alexandria
- Montaza Palace, in Alexandria
[edit] Presidents of Egypt
| President | Tenure |
|---|---|
| Major General Muhammad Naguib | 1953 - 1954 |
| Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser | 1956 - 1970 |
| Field Marshal Anwar Sadat | 1970 u- 1981 |
| Sufi Abu Taleb (Acting President) | 6 October 1981 - 14 October 1981 |
| Air Chief Marshal Hosni Mubarak | 1981 - present |
| Atef Obeid (Acting President) | 9 June 2004 - 21 June 2004 |
