Real Academia Española

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Real Academia Española (Spanish for "Royal Spanish Academy", RAE) is the institution responsible for regulating the Spanish language. It is based in Madrid, Spain, but is affiliated with national language academies in 21 Spanish-speaking nations (see Association of Spanish Language Academies). Its emblem is a fiery crucible, and its motto is Limpia, fija y da esplendor ("It cleans, improves (fixes), and gives splendor").

1 History
2 Criticisms of the Academy
3 Academicians (académicos de número)
- 3.1 Current board members
- 3.2 Notable past board members
4 See also
5 External links

[edit] History

The RAE was founded in 1713 by Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco, marquis of Villena and duke of Escalona; its purpose was "to fix the voices and vocabularies of the Castillian language with propiety, elegance, and purity".

One description of its aim is "to assure that Spanish speakers will always be able to read Cervantes", but it also exercises a progressive influence in keeping the formal language up-to-date: one such step was its 1994 ruling that the Spanish consonants ch and ll would be alphabetized with c and l, respectively, and not as separate letters as in the past. Other steps include eliminating accents on words of one syllable that do not serve to change the meaning of the word. Examples include: dio, vio (which both had an accent on the o). One example of a one-syllable word which maintains the accent is sé ('I know', first person singular present of saber, to know, or singular imperative of ser, to be) in order to differentiate it from se which is used as a reflexive pronoun. The Academy also watches small details, such as adding an accent in 1959 to the orthography of conjugations of reunir (to reunite, to gather (together)) to ensure that the eu was not taken as a diphthong.

The RAE is a major publisher of dictionaries and grammars and has a formal procedure for admitting words to its publications. Its website includes an online dictionary and many other resources, all in Spanish. Its most widely-recognized publication is the Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española.

[edit] Criticisms of the Academy

The Academy frequently receives criticism, particularly in the Americas, for being excessively conservative, elitist, and slow to change; excessively focused on usages found in the Madrid region and dismissive of variants found in other parts of Spain, let alone other countries; and excessively slow in revising its authoritative Diccionario de la Lengua Española. The dictionary is also the target of frequent criticisms for its imprecise, incomplete, archaic and ideologically partial definitions and limited coverage. Supporters respond saying that RAE's purpose is not to register local or ephemeral uses of Spanish but to try to protect a united Spanish language and to prevent national variants from becoming incomprehensible to other Hispanics – a task in which RAE seems to be enjoying a degree of success.

Even most of the Academy's fiercest critics acknowledge that recent versions of the dictionary (the 20th and subsequent editions) have shown distinct improvements in this regard. One innovation that was particularly welcomed was its release in a paperback format in 1992. After partnerships with companies like Telefónica, IBM and Microsoft, the RAE is in the process of updating and adapting to the new information-technology era and now offers a free online version of its dictionary, which can be consulted at buscon.rae.es/diccionario/drae.htm. It is also collecting historical corpora of Spanish texts. There has been criticism that, in spite of public funding, the results of RAE research are not provided under free licences.

Another criticism is the heavy statistical imbalance among male and female academicians. But this too has been improving since the death of Francisco Franco.

[edit] Academicians (académicos de número)

Main article: List of members of the Real Academia Española

Members of the Academy are académicos de número, chosen from prestigious Spanish-language authors and elected for life by the rest of the academicians. Each academician has a seat labelled with a letter of the Spanish alphabet; upper and lower case letters are separate seats.