Skylab 4
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| Mission Insignia | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Mission Statistics | |
| Mission Name: | Skylab IV |
| Call Sign: | Skylab 4 |
| Number of Crew: |
3 |
| Launch: | November 16, 1973 14:01:23 UTC Kennedy Space Center LC 39B |
| Apogee: | 437 km |
| Perigee: | 422 km |
| Period: | 93.11 min |
| Inclination: | 50.04 deg |
| Station visit length: |
83 d 4 h 38 min 12 s |
| Station EVA length: |
22 h 21 min |
| Landing: | February 8, 1974 15:16:53 UTC |
| Duration: | 84 d 1 h 15 min 31 s |
| Number of Orbits: |
1,214 |
| Distance Traveled: |
~34,500,000 mi (~55,500,000 km) |
| Mass: | CSM ~20,000 kg |
| Crew Picture | |
 Skylab 4 crew portrait (L-R: Carr, Gibson and Pogue) |
|
| Skylab 4 Crew | |
Skylab 4 or SL-4 was the fourth Skylab mission and placed the third crew on board. It started November 16, 1973, with the launch of three astronauts on a Saturn IB rocket, and lasted 84 days, 1 hour and 16 minutes. A total of 6,051 astronaut-utilization hours were tallied by Skylab 4 astronauts performing scientific experiments in the areas of medical activities, solar observations, Earth resources, observation of the Comet Kohoutek and other experiments.
Contents |
[edit] Crew
- Gerald Carr (1), commander
- William Pogue (1), pilot
- Edward Gibson (1), science pilot
*Number in parentheses indicates number of spaceflights by each individual prior to and including this mission.
[edit] Backup Crew
[edit] Support Crew
[edit] Mission parameters
- Mass: 20,847 kg
- Maximum Altitude: 440 km
- Distance: 34.5 million miles (55,500,000 km)
- Launch Vehicle: Saturn IB
- Perigee: 422 km
- Apogee: 437 km
- Inclination: 50.04°
- Period: 93.11 min
[edit] Docking
- Docked: November 16, 1973 - 21:55:00 UTC
- Undocked: February 8, 1974 - 02:33:12 UTC
- Time Docked: 83 days, 4 hours, 38 minutes, 12 seconds
[edit] Space walks
- Gibson and Pogue - EVA 1
- EVA 1 Start: November 22, 1973, 17:42 UTC
- EVA 1 End: November 23, 00:15 UTC
- Duration: 6 hours, 33 minutes
- Carr and Pogue - EVA 2
- EVA 2 Start: December 25, 1973, 16:00 UTC
- EVA 2 End: December 25, 23:01 UTC
- Duration: 1 hour, 01 minute
- Carr and Gibson - EVA 3
- EVA 3 Start: December 29, 1973, 17:00 UTC
- EVA 3 End: December 29, 20:29 UTC
- Duration: 3 hours, 29 minutes
- Carr and Gibson - EVA 4
- EVA 4 Start: February 3, 1974, 15:19 UTC
- EVA 4 End: February 3, 20:38 UTC
- Duration: 5 hours, 19 minutes
[edit] See also
[edit] Mission highlights
Last Skylab mission.
The all rookie astronaut crew had problems during adjusting to the same workload level as their predecessors when activating the workshop. One of its first tasks was to unload and stow within Skylab thousands of items needed for their lengthy mission. The schedule for the activation sequence dictated lengthy work periods with a large variety of tasks to be performed. The crew soon found themselves tired and behind schedule.
As the activation of Skylab progressed, the astronauts complained of being pushed too hard. Ground crews disagreed; they felt that the astronauts were not working long enough or hard enough. During the course of the mission, this culminated in the crew announcing an unscheduled day off, mutinying against Mission Control by turning off the communications radio while getting some rest. Eventually their workload was reduced.
By the end of their mission, the third crew had completed even more work than had been planned before launch.
On Thanksgiving Day, Gibson and Pogue accomplished a 6 1/2 hour spacewalk. The first part of their spacewalk was spent replacing film in the solar observatory. The remainder of the time was used to repair a malfunctioning antenna.
The crew reported that the food was good, but slightly bland. The crew would have preferred to use more condiments to enhance the taste of the food. The amount of salt they could use was restricted for medical purposes. The quantity and type of food consumed was rigidly controlled because of their strict diet.
Seven days into their mission, a problem developed in the Skylab attitude control gyroscope system, which threatened to bring an early end to the mission.
Skylab depended upon three large gyroscopes, sized so that any two of them could provide sufficient control and maneuver Skylab as desired. The third acted as a backup in the event of failure of one of the others.
The gyroscope failure was attributed to insufficient lubrication. Later in the mission, a second gyroscope showed similar problems, but special temperature control and load reduction procedures kept the second one operating, and no further problems occurred.
The crew spent many hours looking at the Earth. Carr and Pogue alternately manned controls, operating the sensing devices which measured and photographed selected features on the Earth's surface. When not otherwise occupied, they watched through the workshop window as the Earth rolled steadily beneath them.
Solar observations were made, with about 75,000 new telescopic images of the Sun recorded. Images were taken in the X-ray, ultraviolet, and visible portions of the spectrum.
As the end of their mission drew closer, Gibson continued his watch of the solar surface. On January 21, 1974, an active region on the Sun's surface formed a bright spot which intensified and grew. Gibson quickly began filming the sequence as the bright spot erupted. This film was the first recording from space of the birth of a solar flare.
On December 13, the crew sighted Comet Kohoutek and trained the solar observatory and hand-held cameras on it. They continued to photograph it as it approached the Sun. On December 30, as it swept out from behind the Sun, Carr and Gibson spotted it as they were performing a spacewalk.
The crew also photographed the earth from orbit. Despite instructions not to do so, the crew (perhaps inadvertently) photographed Area 51, causing a minor dispute between various government agencies as to whether the photographs showing this secret facility should be released. Ultimately, they were not.
Skylab 4 completed 1,214 Earth orbits and four EVAs totalling 22 hours, 13 minutes. They traveled 34.5 million miles (55,500,000 km) in 84 days, 1 hour and 16 minutes in space.
[edit] Image Gallery
 Astronaut Gerald P. Carr jokingly demonstrates weight training in zero-gravity |
 Astronaut Gerald Carr floats in forward dome |
 Astronaut Edward Gibson stands at Apollo Telescope Mount |
 Astronaut Gerald P. Carr flies the Astronaut Maneuvering Equipment in the OWS |
 Astronaut Edward Gibson sails through airlock module hatch |
 Skylab 4 crew confer via television communication with Dr. Kohoutek |
 William R. Pogue pauses in hatchway of Skylab 4 |
 The Apollo module for Skylab 4 is now on display in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington DC |
[edit] References
- Skylab: Command service module systems handbook, CSM 116 - 119 (PDF) April 1972
- Skylab Saturn 1B flight manual (PDF) September 1972
- NASA Skylab Chronology
- Marshall Space Flight Center Skylab Summary
- Skylab 4 Characteristics SP-4012 NASA HISTORICAL DATA BOOK
- [1]
- Source: [2]
- Gilles Clement, Fundamentals of Space Medicine, Microcosm Press, 2003. pp. 212.
This article contains material that originally came from a NASA website. According to their site usage guidelines, "NASA material is not protected by copyright unless noted". For more information, please review NASA's use guidelines.
| Skylab |  |
|---|---|
| Skylab 1 | Skylab 2 | Skylab 3 | Skylab 4 Skylab Rescue (unflown) |
