Telecommunications Relay Service

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Telecommunications Relay Service, also known as TRS, Relay Service, or IP-Relay, is an operator service that allows people who are Deaf, Hard–of–Hearing, Speech–Disabled, and DeafBlind to place calls to standard telephone users via TDD (TTY), personal computer or other assistive telephone device. Most TRS operators use regular keyboards to transcribe spoken voice as text for relaying. However, some TRS services may use stenotype or stenomask equipment, similar to those used by court reporters and closed captioning systems.

Contents 1 Types of service available 1.1 TTY to Voice/Voice to TTY 1.2 Voice Carry Over 1.2.1 VCO with Privacy 1.2.2 2–Line VCO 1.3 Hearing Carry Over 1.3.1 HCO with Privacy 1.3.2 2–Line HCO 1.4 Speech to Speech 1.5 DeafBlind variation 1.6 Captioned telephone 1.6.1 2–Line CapTel 1.6.2 CapTel USB 1.7 Other variations 1.8 Internet relay service 1.9 Video Relay Service 2 Accessibility 3 Fraudulent uses 4 References 5 External links

[edit] Types of service available

Depending on the technical and physical abilities of users different call types are possible via relay services.

[edit] TTY to Voice/Voice to TTY

The most common type of TRS call, involves a call from a person who is Deaf and utilizes a TTY to a person who is Hearing and does hear and speak. In this call type, typed messages are relayed as voice messages by a TRS operator (OPR)^[1] (also known as Communication Assistant (CA)^[2], Relay Operator (RO)^[3], or Relay Assistant (RA)^[4]), and vice-versa. This allows callers unable to use a regular telephone, to be able to place telephone calls to people who use a regular telephone, and vice-versa. When the person who is Hearing is ready for a response, it is customary to say "Go Ahead" or "GA" to indicate that it is the TTY user's turn to talk and "Stop Keying", "SK", or "Ready to hang up" when hanging up, and vice-versa.

[edit] Voice Carry Over

The next most common call type is Voice Carry Over (VCO). VCO allows a person who is Hard–of–Hearing or Deaf and does speak to use one's voice while receiving responses from a person who is Hearing via the operator's typed text. There are many variations of VCO, including 2-Line VCO and VCO with privacy.

[edit] VCO with Privacy

The operator will not hear the VCO user's voiced messages and the VCO user does not need to voice GA. The operator will hear the person who is Hearing, and the person who is Hearing must give the GA each time to alert the operator it is the VCO user's turn. The VCO user does not need to voice GA, because the VCO user types it or presses the "VCO GA" button on the VCO phone when it the voice user's turn to talk.

[edit] 2–Line VCO

2-Line VCO allows a VCO user using a TTY or computer to call a TRS operator, who in turn calls the VCO user on a second telephone line, which serves as the voice line. The user puts the operator on a brief hold to initiate a 3-way call with the Hearing person. This method is frequently used by people who are Hard-of-Hearing and like to use some of their residual hearing as well not having to say "Go Ahead". With 2–Line VCO, the VCO user and the voice user can interrupt each other. VCO with Privacy cannot be used with 2–Line VCO, because the operator, VCO user, and Hearing person are on a 3–way call.

[edit] Hearing Carry Over

A less common call type is Hearing Carry Over (HCO). HCO allows a person who is Speech–Disabled and can hear to use one's hearing while sending responses to a person who is Hearing via the HCO user's typed text. The operator voices the HCO user's typed messages, and then the HCO users picks up the handset and listens to the other voice user's response. There are many variations of HCO, including 2-Line HCO and HCO with privacy.

[edit] HCO with Privacy

The operator will not hear the voice user's voiced messages and the voice user does not need to voice GA. The operator will voice for the person who is Speech–Disabled, and the person who is Speech–Disabled must give the GA each time to alert the operator it is the voice user's turn. The voice user does not need to voice GA, because the HCO user can hear when the voice user finishes talking. VCO with Privacy cannot be used with 2–Line VCO, because the operator, HCO user, and Hearing person are on a 3–way call.

[edit] 2–Line HCO

Similar to 2-Line VCO, 2-Line HCO allows an HCO user using a TTY or computer to call a TRS operator, who in turn calls the HCO user on a second telephone line, which serves as the voice line. The user puts the operator on a brief hold to initiate a 3-way call with the Hearing person. This method is frequently used by people who are Speech–Disabled and like to use some of their residual speech as well not having to type "GA". With 2–Line HCO, the HCO user and the voice user can interrupt each other.

[edit] Speech to Speech

Speech to Speech (STS) exists for people who have mild speech disabilities. A specially–trained STS TRS operator revoices what the person with a speech disability says. STS is often used in combination with VCO for people who are Deaf and have somewhat understandable speech, as well as 2–Line HCO users.

[edit] DeafBlind variation

Telebraille also exists for people who are DeafBlind with the use of a TTY with a braille or regular keyboard and a refreshable braille display or LVD (Large Visual Display). A relay call of a user who is DeafBlind is directly related to a relay call of a TTY user, however, the text transmission speed is often reduced to increase the ability of the user who is DeafBlind to comprehend the moving braille on the braille TTY or large print on the LVD. Telebraille relay operators must be familiar with Braille contractions that users who are DeafBlind may use. Some TTY users with mobile disabilities may prefer to use a Telebraille, due to the smaller keyboard, regardless of a sight disability or lack thereof.

[edit] Captioned telephone

A new method for people who are Hard-of-Hearing, Oral Deaf or Late–Deafened to make phone calls is called a captioned telephone. It is a telephone that displays real-time captions of the current conversation. The captions are typically displayed on a screen embedded into the telephone base. A captioned telephone may also be called a CapTel, which is the main brand name for a captioned telephone. A CapTel can also function exactly like a VCO by switching the device to VCO mode, for example, to communicate with an HCO user directly, without relay.

Captioned telephones use a stenomask system by a remote operator, similar in fashion to closed captioning of live TV shows. Presently (2007), stenomask voice recognition with a regular keyboard is the only method used for captioned telephone systems.

While this service is similar to 2–Line VCO, it only requires one telephone line, but privacy is inherent, since the CapTel captioner cannot hear the CapTel user. Unlike TTY, VCO, HCO, and STS relay, CapTel only available to people in states that have CapTel as part of their relay service, because the FCC has not mandated CapTel captioning service. CapTel is available in every state and federal territory, for federal/military employees/contractors (active or retired) and Native Americans.^[5][6]

[edit] 2–Line CapTel

2–Line CapTel can also be used with 2 lines. This is especially useful for users who prefer to give out their home phone number alone, instead of both the captioning service number and the toll-free captioning service number or for users who prefer to turn captions on and off anytime during the call. 2–Line CapTel can also be used with other relay services. For example, STS can be used with 2–Line CapTel, for CapTel users with speech disabilities. 2–Line CapTel is only available to people in states that have 2–Line CapTel as part of their relay service or federal employees/contractors and Native Americans.^[7][6]

[edit] CapTel USB

CapTel users who are Blind or Low–Vision use CapTel USB, connecting directly to a computer to display conversation captions on a computer screen or refreshable braille display, via a USB cable. CapTel USB users enjoy large print or braille captions throughout CapTel phone conversations. CapTel USB users can control the size, color and font style of the captions on the computer screen for easiest reading and save and print/emboss conversation captions on their computers.^[8]

[edit] Other variations

Many other call type variations are possible, including VCO to VCO, HCO to HCO, HCO to TTY, and VCO to TTY. Fundamentally, relay services have the ability to connect any two callers with different abilities over the telephone network.

[edit] Internet relay service

There are internet relay services that provide functionality similar to TTY to Voice services, replacing the TTY and telephone line with a specialized computer program and internet connection. There are multiple types of computer programs that can be used including custom Java based programs that run in the users web browser and instant message based services.

Since it is not possible to identify the exact location of a caller using an internet service, internet relay calls cannot be used to call 911 (Emergency Services in the United States). If an internet relay operator is asked to dial 911 (or a similar emergency number) for an internet user, the user will be told to disconnect and dial either 911 or 711 (in the US only) with a TTY device. 911 call centers are required to be able to handle TTY communications, and all TTY relay providers can also handle these calls.

[edit] Video Relay Service

Main article: Video Relay Service

Video Relay Service (VRS), allows people who use Sign Language are able to place phone calls by signing instead of typing. The VI (video interpreter) uses a webcam or videophone to voice the Deaf or Speech-Disabled person's signs to the Hearing person and sign the Hearing person's words to the Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing person.

[edit] Accessibility

As much of the TRS system, particularly the Internet Relay Services, is open for public use; it is possible for anyone with the proper equipment to place calls. This includes people who are not members of the original intended user group, who are Deaf, Hard-of-Hearing, or Speech–Disabled. Some such users have noted its usefulness in making long-distance or local calls free of charge and without a telephone. Providers defend the accessibility even to people who have neither hearing nor speech disabilities as a necessary evil. This is because the principle of "transparency" - the belief that the operator and the mechanics of relay should generally go as unnoticed as possible in the call - requires that relay be as easy to use as a normal telephone, which does not require any kind of verification for Hearing people to use. Leaders in the Deaf community defend this decision and generally retain strong support among service users with hearing and speech disabilities.

[edit] Fraudulent uses

The open structure of relay services has lead to a number of complaints regarding its use as a vehicle for fraud. In 2004, news outlets such as MSNBC and the Arizona Daily Star ran stories of reported abuse of the relay system, such as users from international locations calling businesses in the United States to fraudulently purchase goods. This has also generated numerous complaints, particularly by those who were employed as relay operators, that so-called "prank calls," where neither user requires the service and the caller is just attempting to have fun with a novel mode of communication. In December 2006, NBC ran another story where former operators alleged that "Eighty-five to 90 percent" of calls were scams. Since it is illegal for relay service companies to keep records, fraudulent users can operate with impunity. Fraudulent calls of both types have been cited as reasons for further relay regulation, and as causes for long hold times that must be endured by many legitimate users.

[edit] References

1. ^ [Verizon|(MCI)] (2006-08-24). Verizon Relay Services (HTML). Verizon Global Relay Services 1. Verizon. Archived from the original on 2006-12-05. Retrieved on February 1, 2007. “OPR Operator”
2. ^ [Hamilton Relay|(Hamilton Telecommunications)] (2006-11-16). Hamilton Relay - TTY (Text Telephone) (HTML). Hamilton Relay 1. Hamilton Relay. Archived from the original on 2006-12-24. Retrieved on February 1, 2007. “Communication Assistant (CA)”
3. ^ [Verizon|(MCI)] (2006-08-24). Verizon Relay Services (HTML). Verizon Global Relay Services 1. Verizon. Archived from the original on 2007-01-08. Retrieved on February 1, 2007. “Relay Operator (RO)”
4. ^ [New Zealand Relay|(Sprint)] (2006-05-28). New Zealand Relay (HTML). New Zealand Relay 1. New Zealand Relay. Archived from the original on 2007-01-07. Retrieved on February 1, 2007. “Relay Assistant (RA)”
5. ^ [Ultratec, Inc.|(Ultratec)] (2004-08-10). CapTel - How It Works (HTML). CapTel - The Captioned Telephone 1. Ultratec, Inc.. Archived from the original on 2007-01-26. Retrieved on February 1, 2007. “CapTel captioning service transcribes everything the other party says into written text, using the very latest in voice-recognition technology.”
6. ^ ^{a b} [U.S. General Services Administration|(GSA)] (2004-10-27). www.federalrelay.us (HTML). www.federalrelay.us 1. U.S. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2007-01-30. Retrieved on February 1, 2007.
7. ^ [Ultratec, Inc.|(Ultratec)] (2005-03-16). CapTel - The Captioned Telephone (HTML) 1. Ultratec, Inc.. Archived from the original on 2007-01-26. Retrieved on January 29, 2007.
8. ^ [Ultratec, Inc.|(Ultratec)] (2006-05-08). CapTel - The Captioned Telephone (HTML) 1. Ultratec, Inc.. Retrieved on January 29, 2007.

[edit] External links

• "Con artists target phone system for deaf" - April 20, 2004 - MSNBC
• "Thieves exploit phone system for the deaf" - Dec 5, 2006 - MSNBC