The Ghost in the Machine
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| Author | Arthur Koestler |
|---|---|
| Subject(s) | non-fiction |
| Genre(s) | Philosophy, psychiatry |
| Publisher | |
| Released | 1967 |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
The Ghost in the Machine is a 1967 non-fiction work by Arthur Koestler. The title is referring to the British philosopher Gilbert Ryle's negative description of René Descartes' mind-body dualism. While himself rejecting what he refers as "crass dualism", Koestler is using a different approach, aiming at a more general explanatory principle, the hierarchical organisation of life and the adaptability of living forms through a continuous exchange of energy and information. Following this principle down to its consequences, the book gets to a theme which has somehow never ceased to be of actuality, man's tendency towards self-destruction, which is reaching the height of its potential of expression in the nuclear arms arena.
The book is particularly critical of B. F. Skinner's Behaviourist theory of psychology.
One of the book's central concepts is that as the human brain has grown, it has built upon earlier, more primitive brain structures, and that these are the "ghost in the machine" of the title. Koestler's theory is that at times these structures can overpower cognitive logic, and are responsible for hate, anger and other such impulses.
[edit] Criticism of the book's theories
Koestler's central assumption is that humanity's atavistic brain areas will lead it to self-destruction. However, the same areas responsible for hate and anger are also responsible for certain other emotions, such as love and happiness, which tend to be viewed more positively, although they can in themselves foster or lead to certain destructive urges on an individual level. Certain narcotics, for example, create what may be viewed as "positive emotions", but their long term effects are harmful.
Koestler was however, not a proponent of an emotionless humanity. In fact, he argued against it, in The Sleepwalkers, the Act of Creation (1966) and other works.
[edit] Popular culture
The Police named their 1981 album, Ghost in the Machine after this book. Masamune Shirow borrowed from Koestler's book the "ghost" concept that figures prominently in his 1991 Ghost in the Shell manga and later related works.
[edit] Publication details
- Koestler, Arthur [1967] (1990-6-5). The Ghost in the Machine, 1990 reprint edition, Penguin Group. ISBN 0-14-019192-5.
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