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The Building and Construction Trades Department, AFL-CIO (BCTD) is a constitutionally mandated department of the AFL-CIO founded in 1908. It primarily coordinates the activity of building and construction trade unions belonging to the AFL-CIO by establishing jurisdictional rules, coordinating how work is assigned at construction sites, mediating jurisdictional and work assignment disputes, and coordinating interaction between the AFL-CIO's construction unions and employers.

The BCTD also conducts research into construction workplace health and safety issues. It lobbies the United States Congress and executive branch agencies (such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration) on health, safety, wages (e.g., the Davis-Bacon Act), and other legislative and regulatory issues. The organization also helps its affiliate unions establish, coordinate and uphold minimum educational standards for apprenticeship and journeyman training programs.

Contents 1 Precursor organizations 1.1 Formation of local building trades councils 1.2 National Building Trades Council 2 Early history 3 Great Depression 4 Structure 5 References 6 Notes 7 External links

[edit] Precursor organizations

In the late 19th century, the construction industry was in transition, and this transition led to large and frequent jurisdictional conflicts between labor unions. Small buildings usually no more than five stories high were giving way to skyscrapers. Whereas most buildings had been constructed primarily of wood, cut stone and plaster, now metal framing and trim, reinforced concrete, prefabricated materials, and man-made tiles were becoming the norm. Proliferation in new building techniques and materials led to an increase in specialized construction professions. This, in turn, led to the formation of unions for these specialty professions, and fights over which union's members would perform the work.^[1]

The nature of the construction industry at the time also concentrated power in the hands of local rather than regional or international unions.

In an industry that was essentially local as far as actual building construction was concerned, local unions were the heart of the building trades movement. Primarily interested in controlling local work for local members, they lobbied politicians to enact building codes and licensing laws to protect work standards and union jobs. They hired full-time business agents ("walking delegates") to police their trade agreements and to ensure that contractors actually paid the men, and allied themselves with other local unions in building trades councils to support one another's strikes.^[2] Local construction unions made their own work-rules and played their own political games, and national and international union constitutions reflected the autonomy of the local union by requiring the consent of local unions in the enactment of national union policies or providing for optional participation in the programs of the national union.^[1]

These jurisdictional disputes only became more frequent and intractable over time. Jurisdictional disputes occupied much of the time and attention of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). "So much time was consumed by the individual unions involved in these disputes that it often left little for anything else."^[3] Nearly 95 percent of all strikes from 1897 to 1914 involved unions striking over which workers were to perform which jobs.^[4]

Increasingly, the debate involved a growing battle over craft versus industrial unionism. Certain unions—such as the Teamsters, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, and the National Union of United Brewery Workmen—were already industrial unions in all but name. Vigorous battles were fought to pare back the jurisdictions of these industrial unions.^[5]

[edit] Formation of local building trades councils

Even as jurisdictional battles increased, local building trades councils had formed in most major cities by 1897. A "Board of Walking Delegates" was formed in New York City in 1884, and the Chicago Building Trades Council-the first true local building trades organization-formed in 1890. These local building trades councils not only enforced jurisdictional rules by calling sympathy strikes, but also built support for unions which struck employers.^[1]

But local building trades councils were often ineffective. When an employer would give work to one union, a rival union would strike to force the employer to give the work to its members. These jurisdictional strikes often led to the shut-down of entire construction sites, putting all workers out of work. The winner of a jurisdictional strike more often than not was also the union which had more power -- either more members, or members whose work was critical to construction work (such as "operating engineers") -- rather than the union whose workers were best suited for the job.^[1][6]

[edit] National Building Trades Council

In 1897, a group of building trades unions from the Midwest met in St. Louis to form a national organization. The new group, the National Building Trades Council (NBTC), would adjudicate jurisdictional battles through neutral arbitration and encourage the amalgamation of construction and building unions.^[7] The NBTC also encouraged the formation of local and regional building trades councils, established a correspondence committee to keep unions informed of jurisdictional decisions and collective bargaining trends, worked to create a national work card system, and lobbied for the enactment of laws requiring an eight-hour day and creating mechanics liens.^[1]

But the NBTC was ineffective. Many national and international unions refused to join, and strongly criticized the organization's emphasis on autonomy for local unions. Jurisdictional decisions in one area held no weight in another, creating a patchwork of different jurisdictional rules nationwide. Membership on the local level was spotty, hurting local council finances and undercutting the weight of local council decisions. Because the NBTC permitted independent unions and unions belong to the American Federation of Labor (AFL) to join, the AFL formally accused the group of dual unionism in 1899 and encouraged the establishment of building trades councils within its own central labor bodes.^[1]

Technological changes also spurred inter-union struggles. The introduction of metal rather than wood framing in construction led the Carpenters to battle with the Sheet Metal Workers International Association, destroying most of the Sheet Metal Workers' largest locals.^[5]

BCTD was founded on February 10, 1908, in response to this crisis. John P. Frey, then a vice president of the International Molders and Foundry Workers Union of North America, had in 1903 advocated an organization in that would enable the AFL to coordinate the jurisdictions, work assignments, wages, work rules and other aspects of work. Although AFL president Samuel Gompers resisted such suggestions for several years, by 1908 jurisdictional disputes were so bad that two departments were created: the Building Trades Department in March and the Metal Trades Department on July 2. The Railway Employees Department (which merged to become the Transportation Trades Department on February 19, 1909) and the Union Label Department followed on April 12. The Mining Department was chartered on January 8, 1912.^[8][5]

[edit] Early history

The infighting was so bad that in 1911 the AFL forced the Amalgamated Wood Workers International Union to merge with the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners—but not until the Wood Workers had lost more than 90 percent of their members and nearly all furniture manufacturers were non-union.^[9][5]

The BCTD's voluntary nature significantly restricted its effectiveness. Unions often disaffiliated from the department when decisions did not go their way, moves which also crippled the organization financially from time to time. ^[10] Unions also tended to appeal the department's jurisdictional rulings to the AFL executive council, which overruled it.^[5] And when regional councils agreed to support strikes, they were unable to get local union members to do the same.^[11]

The BCTD also proved ineffective at ending jurisdictional strikes. In 1921, BCTD president John Donlin called for an end to both jurisdictional and economic strikes by building trade unions. His two-year campaign led to the establishment of a National Board for Jurisdictional Awards, but the board lacked enforcement powers.^[12][10] Unions settled disputes on their own^[13] or not at all. The national board collapsed in 1925.^[14][10]

Organizing workers was another duty of the BCTD, but it failed at this task as well. In 1927, the BCTD passed a resolution in which it refused to work with any employer which had an open shop at one location and a closed shop at another. The goal was to retain closed shops, thereby enhancing membership. Employers generally ignored the BCTD's rule. When local building trades councils could not obtain the consent of all member unions to strike in support of the resolution, the trend toward the open shop accelerated.^[15]

One area in which the department was successful were safety initiatives. In 1928, BCTD began its first workplace safety campaign.^[16] Employers were generally receptive to BCTD educational safety efforts, although they balked at more costly reforms. Unions, however, often forced employers to adopt BCTD safety recommendations through the collective bargaining process.

[edit] Great Depression

The Great Depression had a significant impact on the construction industry, as it did on the entire American economy. Spending on private construction fell from $7.5 billion in 1929 to $1.5 billion in 1932.^[17] The AFL remained conservative in its approach to solutions to the economic crisis. The BCTD supported the AFL's policies, rejecting unemployment insurance, large expenditures on public works, and other measures.^[18]

However, BCTD was active within the AFL and in national politics, and it pushed for several measures to help workers cope with the economic downturn. In 1929, BCTD joined in the push for a five-day work week. BCTD had initially resisted the proposal, arguing that it was merely a way for employers to push down wages. But as the economy weakened, BCTD officials finally endorsed the plan as a way to keep workers at least partially employed.^[19]

The BCTD was also active in helping draft a national codes of fair conduct under the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). The NIRA established "codes of fair competition" which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours. Determining which industries to cover and what the codes should say was the duty of the National Recovery Administration. The BCTD took the lead within the AFL to write codes for electrical work, the general construction industry, shipbuilding and more. Problems with the general construction code proved numerous, including a failure to set minimum wages, include labor representatives on code authority boards, and no ban on child labor. The BCTD worked to create codes for road, building and heavy construction as well.^[20] A code was established in 1934, but the NIRA was ruled unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court on May 27, 1935, in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935).

A longer-lasting reform of the BCTD's interaction with the NRA was passage of federal legislation regulating apprenticeships. The NIRA construction industry code had been the first federal regulations to cover apprenticeship practices. The passage of the National Apprenticeship Act (29 U.S.C. 50) in 1937 was a direct outcome of the NIRA construction industry code.

The BCTD also worked closely with the new National Labor Board. NIRA's Section 7(a) had encouraged American unions to undertake many organizing campaigns. But Section 7(a) was not self-enforcing, and in 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the National Labor Board (NLB) to enforce the rights contained in the law.^[21][22]

In 1931, the BCTD tried to re-establish a mechanism to handle the increasing number of jurisdictional battles which accompanied the increased level of organizing. The department established a "Board of Trade Claims," which had some degree of success in settling jurisdictional disputes. But with the carpenters, electrical workers and bricklayers no longer members of the organization, the board's effectiveness was limited. The number of jurisdictional strikes topped several hundred per year, idling tens of thousands of workers in the depths of the Depression. Although the NLB ruled in October 1933 that only employers had the right to assign work, resolving one aspect of the jurisdictional dispute, the conflict continued.^[23][22]

In 1934, these jurisdictional disputes roiled the BCTD presidential election. The carpenters, bricklayers and electrical workers-who had been absent from the organization since 1927-had proposed to rejoin the BCTD. The department's executive council approved the re-affiliation, but the credentials committee, fearing that the "triple alliance" of unions would dominate the voting for officers and elect a new president, refused to seat the unions' delegates.

but because the effort smacked of anti-majoritarianism.^[24]

WASHINGTON, Aug. 22.--On assurance that the American Federation of Labor unions will not engage in jurisdictional strikes and retard construction projects, the Commonwealth Edison Company of Chicago has agreed to proceed with plant extensions to cost $15 m

• "Strike Ban Brings Big Building Pact." New York Times. August 23, 1939.

Jurisdictional strikes called in violation of national and local agreements are impeding work on the $65,000,000 housing development being built by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company in the Bronx, a new Rockefeller Center building, a Brooklyn school ...View free preview

• "Union Rows Delay 8 Projects Here." New York Times. September 18, 1939.

WASHINGTON, July 24--A no-strike agreement between American Federation of Labor unions in the building field, representing 800,000 workers, and defense agencies was approved today by the Office of Production Management. President Roosevelt expressed his g...View free preview

• "Building Unions Prohibit Strikes." New York Times. July 25, 1941.

PREDICT STRIFE IF CURRIER WINS; A.F.L. Officers Tell Senators They Would Not 'Lie Down' in Housing ... [PDF] WASHINGTON, Oct. 24 -- Richard J. Gray, president of the building construction department of the American Federation of Labor, declared today before the Senate Committee investigating defense contracts that A.F.L. members in Detroit would revolt against t...View free preview October 25, 1941 STRIKERS ORDERED BACK TO NAVY YARD; Planters Agree to Let A.F.L. Settle Jurisdictional Row [PDF] Striking A.F. of L. painters were instructed yesterday by the head of their international union to return to work on the new $5,300,000 storehouse and office building at the Navy Yard in Brooklyn while their jurisdictional dispute with another A.F. of L. ...View free preview November 7, 1941 A.F.L. BANS STRIKE; International Heads of Unions Back Navy in San Diego Clash [PDF] WASHINGTON, Nov. 10 -- A strike of building trades workers on naval construction projects in the San Diego area was outlawed by American Federation of Labor leaders here tonight within a few hours after the Navy Department had ordered the commandant there...View free preview November 11, 1941 - By CHARLES HURD NEW ANTI-STRIKE STEPS ARE BEING CONSIDERED; Revival of War Labor Board and a Cooling-Off Period Pro... [PDF] WASHINGTON, Nov. 15 -- President Roosevelt's insistence on the need for continued production of coal when he intervened in the captive mine dispute focused attention on the tendency apparent in government circles to become "tough" in strike disputes....View free preview November 16, 1941 LABOR FOR ENDING DEFENSE STRIKES; Pledging Full Production to Win War, Green and Murray See No Need... [PDF] WASHINGTON, Dec. 8 -- Organized labor pledged tonight its full support to the government in all-out production effort to repulse Japan and defeat the Axis powers....View free preview December 9, 1941 A.F.L. UNION STRIKES AT BENNETT FIELD; Jurisdictional Dispute Over $3,000 Cables Hampers Navy $8,12... [PDF] A strike of 250 electricians, growing out of a jurisdictional conflict affecting $3,000 worth of work installing telephone cables, has tied up all electrical work on the Navy's $8,120,000 program for the expansion of Floyd Bennett Field since last Friday,...View free preview June 4, 1942 BUILDING TRADES KEEP PREMIUM PAY; Secretary Perkins Amends Order of President to Conform to Stabili... [PDF] WASHINGTON, Sept. 30 -- Secretary Perkins gave exemption today to 1,500,000 unionized building trades workers from the ban against week-end premium pay set by President Roosevelt on Sept. 9. She also issued a sixty-clay stay to about 100,000 ship repair w...View free preview October 1, 1942 - By LOUIS STARK MAY END NO-STRIKE PLEDGE; Building Trades Unit Accuses Government of 'Violations' [PDF] WASHINGTON, Jan. 20 -- Disavowal of its no-strike pledge was threatened today by the building and trades department of the American Federation of Labor, representing 1,500,000 building trades workers, in a protest against Government "circumvention" of the...View free preview January 21, 1944

Taft-Hartley jusridictional disputes ban 1948 you established the National Joint Board to settle disputes National Joint Board for the Settlement of Jurisdictional Disputes,

A. F. L. UNIT URGES NEW BUILDING LAW; Program to Supersede All U. S. Statutes Is Approved at Coast ... [PDF] LOS ANGELES, Sept. 17 -- A wholly new Federal law regulating wages, hours and labor relations in the building industry was urged here today by the Building and Construction Trades Department of the American Federation of Labor....View free preview September 18, 1954 - By A. H. RASKINSpecial A.F.L. BODY ASKS FAVORABLE LAWS; Building Trades Department Charges Wage Act Laxity, Urges Taft Law... [PDF] WASHINGTON, March 7 -- Building tradesmen started a big push today for new labor legislation....View free preview March 8, 1955

LABOR-LAW TALKS SET BY MITCHELL; Secretary Calls Committee of 6 in Building Trades to Meeting on Mo... [PDF] WASHINGTON, Nov. 16 (AP) --President Eisenhower's Administration moved today to prepare a new set of amendments to the Taft-Hartley Labor Law for the next session of Congress....View free preview November 17, 1956

BUILDING TRADES THREATEN TO QUIT THE A.F.L-C.I.O; Meany Is Reported Facing Challenge in Disputes on... [PDF] WASHINGTON, Nov. 28-- Building trades unions were reported today to be threatening to secede from the united labor movement....View free preview November 29, 1957 - By JOSEPH A. LOFTUS

FOUR UNIONS FACE OUSTER THIS WEEK FROM A.F.L.-C.I.O.; Merged Labor Is Strife-Torn as Convention Pre... [PDF] The merged labor movement will mark its second birthday this week with preparations for a fresh outbreak of civil war....View free preview December 1, 1957 - By A.H. RASKIN

UNION CHIEF BIDS LABOR FREEZE PAY TO CURB INFLATION; Gray of the Building Trades Asks Year's Morato... [PDF] ATLANTIC CITY, Dec, 2-- The titular spokesman for 3,000,000 building trades unionists called on labor today to accept a one-year wage freeze as a means of combating inflaion....View free preview December 3, 1957 - By A. H. RASKIN

Union and Builders Agree On Formula to Cut Waste; Accord Aimed at Featherbedding and Other Abuses W... [PDF] MIAMI BEACH, Feb. 5 -Building unions and contractors agreed tonight on a national program to eliminate featherbedding and other abuses that have added millions of dollars each year to construction costs....View free preview February 6, 1958 - By A. H. RASKINSpecial

BUILDING UNIONS TO FIGHT WASTE; Crackdown Aims to Prevent Loss of Oil and Chemical Plants to Non-Un... [PDF] MIAMI BEACH, Jan. 27 -- Building unions made plans today to crack down on wasteful labor practices that were causing giant oil and chemical plants to be built with non-union workers....View free preview January 28, 1959 - By A. H. RASKINSpecial

LABOR PRODS U. S. ON SHIPBUILDING; Opens Legislative Drive to Curb 'Runaway' Work in Foreign Yards [PDF] Organized labor has selected another target in the maritime industry for a concerted legislative drive. The new target is "runaway shipbuilding," the term used for the construction of ships for American companies at foreign shipyards....View free preview December 9, 1959 - By EDWARD A. MORROW

Chief of Building Unions Resigns; Gray, 73, Long-Time Storm Center in Labor Command Gives Age said ... [PDF] BAL HARBOUR, Fla., Feb. 4 -- Richard J. Gray, a controversial figure in building-trades unionism, stepped down today after a half-century of leadership....View free preview February 5, 1960 - By A.H. RASKINSpecial

REUTHER CHARGE STIRS UNION CLASH; He Assails Building Crafts for Pact With Teamsters Reuther Assail... [PDF] BAL HARBOUR, Fla., Feb. 11 -- Inter-union warfare exploded today in a charge by Walter P. Reuther that craft unions in the building trades had joined in a "union-busting" compact with the exiled International Brotherhood of Teamsters....View free preview February 12, 1960 - By A.H. RASKINSpecial

NEW LABOR STRIFE HITS MISSILE WORK; Rival Unions Dispute Control of Convair Employees -- High Offici... [PDF] New friction between rival craft and industrial unions is worrying officials in charge of the lagging missile program....View free preview November 17, 1960 - By A.H. RASKIN

LABOR IS SEEKING MISSILE HARMONY; Building Unions Will Review Wartime No-Strike Pacts as Step to En... [PDF] WASHINGTON, Nov. 30 -- The executive council of the building and construction unions authorized its president today to review wartime no-strike agreements as a first step toward ending stoppages at missile bases....View free preview December 1, 1960 - By PETER BRAESTRUPSpecial

WORK STOPPAGES AT BASES BARRED; Labor and Contractors Give Pledge to U.S. -- Missile Sites Board Is... [PDF] WASHINGTON, May 26 -- The Administration obtained a no-strike, no-lockout pledge from labor and management today to assure uninterrupted construction of the nation's top-priority missile and space bases....View free preview May 27, 1961 - By PETER BRAESTRUP Special to The New York Times. Missile Bases Ending Job Delays As Joint Peace Effort Pays Off; Loss in Stoppages Cut to 34 Man-Day... [PDF] WASHINGTON, July 14 -- Work stoppages on the nation's missile bases have all but ended during the last two months as a result of recent Government, union, and management efforts....View free preview July 15, 1961 - By PETER BRAESTRUP Special to The New York Times. NEVADA TEST SITE BESET BY TROUBLE; Disputes on Pay and Travel Money Plague the A.E.C. [PDF] LAS VEGAS, Nev., May 23 --The two-lane road to Camp Mercury, the Atomic Energy Commission's main Nevada test site, 65 miles northwest of here, is known as the Widow Maker's Highway. Fifty-six persons have been killed on it in the last five years....View free preview May 26, 1963 - By JOHN D. POMFRET Special to The New York Times - Article

PRESIDENT NAMES PANEL TO ADVISE ON LABOR STRIFE; Revives 12-Member Group, Under Taft-Hartley Act, t...  [PDF] 

WASHINGTON, May 25-- President Kennedy reactivated today a long-unused weapon for helping prevent and solve industrial disputes....View free preview May 26, 1963 - By TOM WICKER Special to The New York Times

REUTHER DECRIES A.F.L.-C.I.O. RIFTS; Urges Machinery to Settle Jurisdictional Disputes [PDF] WASHINGTON, Nov. 15 -- Walter P. Reuther declared today that to survive the labor federation must agree next month on effective machinery to solve its internal disputes....View free preview November 17, 1961 - By PETER BRAESTRUP Special to The New York Times. UNION BLOC URGES PEACE WITH HOFFA; Building Trades Offer Plan to Re-Admit Teamsters [PDF] BAL HARBOUR, Fla., Dec. 1 -- The powerful Building and Construction Trades Department called unanimously today for the early return of the exiled Teamsters Union to the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations....View free preview December 2, 1961 - By STANLEY LEVEY Special to The New York Times. MERGED LABOR IS STILL A HOUSE DIVIDED; Jurisdictional Conflicts, Civil Rights Problems And the Hoff... [PDF] BAL HARBOUR, Fla., Dec. 9 -- Nine hundred delegates gathered here this week for the fourth convention of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations in the sixth year of labor unity in a mood of confusion, bitterness and disu...View free preview December 10, 1961 - By STANLEY LEVEY Special to The New York Times.

FIRST 5-HOUR DAY HAILED BY LABOR; Builders Call Electric Pact a Threat to Industry Higher Rents Exp... [PDF] The five-hour day won by 9,000 construction electrical workers here was hailed yesterday in labor circles as a "historic breakthrough." Some construction contractors, however, called it a serious threat to the city's $1,250,000,000-a-year industry....View free preview January 20, 1962 - By RALPH KATZ BUILDING TRADES DOUBT 5-HOUR DAY; Union Leader Says They 'Don't Follow Patterns' [PDF] BAL HARBOUR, Fla., Feb. 12 Cornell J. Haggerty, leader of 3,500,000 building trades unionists, said today that New York's five-hour day for electrical workers would not set a national pattern for the construction industry....View free preview February 13, 1962 - By STANLEY LEVEY Special to The New York Times. - Article

UNIONS TO INVEST IN U.S. MORTGAGES; Building Labor Acts to Use Billions in Pension Funds [PDF] BAL HARBOUR, Fla., Feb. 14--The nation's eighteen construction unions agreed today to encourage their affiliates to invest billions of their pension fund dollars in Government insured mortgages....View free preview February 15, 1962 - By STANLEY LEVEY Special to The New York Times.

Signing of a Jurisdictional Disputes Agreement for the Construction Industry. February 2nd, 1965 National Joint Board for the Settlement of Jurisdictional Disputes updated

POWELL ASSAILS CRAFT UNIONISTS; Will Block Their Bills Until They Practice 'Equality' [PDF] PHILADELPHIA, July 14 -- Representative Adam Clayton Powell Jr. served notice tonight that he would block any legislation aiding craft unions that practiced discrimination against Negroes....View free preview July 15, 1961 - By PHILIP BENJAMINSpecial to The New York Times. U.S. PLANS DRIVE FOR JOB EQUALITY; Presidential Committee Will Start Program in Building Industry E... [PDF] WASHINGTON, July 28-- The Government will start a major program early this fall to break down barriers to the employment of Negroes and members of other minorities in the construction industry....View free preview July 29, 1962 - By JOHN D. POMFRET Special to The New York Times. 18 UNION CHIEFS ACT TO END BIAS IN CONSTRUCTION; Bid Locals Admit Qualified Negroes as Apprentices ... [PDF] WASHINGTON, June 21--The presidents of the 18 building trades unions adopted today a program to eliminate racial discrimination in apprenticeship, union membership and assignment to job openings....View free preview June 22, 1963 - Special to The New York Times STUDY FINDS BIAS IN BUILDING TRADE; U.S. Advisory Panel Says Unions Restrict Negroes [PDF] A Federal civil rights committee said in a report yesterday that Negroes were denied employment in most of the building trades here....View free preview August 1, 1963 - By SAMUEL KAPLAN

• Stetson, Damon. "Brennan Defends Building Trades." New York Times. November 7, 1963.

U.S. CHARGES BIAS TO A.F.L.-C.I.O. UNIT; Labor Department Requests Action in St. Louis Dispute [PDF] WASHINGTON, Jan. 22-- The Labor Department has for the first time asked the Justice Department to move against a group of labor unions that it says are preventing Negroes from working on a Federal construction project....View free preview January 23, 1966 U.S. SUES UNIONS TO HALT JOB BIAS; 5 Building Trades Groups in St. Louis Are Accused of a Discrimin... [PDF] WASHINGTON, Feb. 4--The Department of Justice announced tonight it had filed the first "pattern of practice" law suit under the Fair Employment Practices Section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964....View free preview February 5, 1966 - By JOHN HERBERS Special to The New York Times Jim Crow Still Prevails In the Craft Unions [PDF] WASHINGTON, Feb. 12 One of the traditional ways that a member of a poor minority could work his way into the mainstream of American society was by becoming a skilled laborer. A bricklayer born in the slums could, if he wished, live in the suburbs and send...View free preview February 13, 1966 - By JOHN HERBERS Special to The New York Times RIGHTS LEADERS PROTEST HEARING; New Rochelle Pickets Decline Invitation to Testify [PDF] NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y., Feb. 8 The state's investigation into charges of anti-Negro discrimination in construction unions opened today at City Hall with a hearing that was boycotted by the civil rights leaders whose grievances led to the inquiry....View free preview February 9, 1967 - By RALPH BLUMENTHAL Special to The New York Times Kennedy Declares Building Unions Fail To Admit Negroes; Kennedy Says Building Unions Fail on Negro ... [PDF] WASHINGTON, April 18--Senator Robert F. Kennedy confronted the leaders of the nation's building trades unions in a Senate committee room today and told them that their efforts to open union ranks to Negroes had failed....View free preview April 19, 1967 - By ROBERT B. SEMPLE Jr. Special to The New York Times U.S. Aides Will Discuss Bias With Officials of Building Trades [PDF] WASHINGTON, June 17-- The Federal Government will begin efforts next week to patch up one of its disputes with the building trades unions over alleged racial discrimination in construction....View free preview June 18, 1967 - By DAVID R. JONES Special to The New York Times Labor Aide Asks Building Unions to Admit Negroes; Learner Programs Backed Wirtz Praises Pledge [PDF] BAL HARBOUR, Fla., Nov. 29--The president of the A.F.L.C.I.O. Building Trades Department called upon member unions today to admit qualified Negro journeymen and to institute training programs for disadvantaged youths in the slums....View free preview November 30, 1967 - By DAMON STETSON Special to The New York Times UNIONS TOLD TO AID ENTRY OF NEGROES; But Meany Warns Building Trades to Keep Standards 3 Weeks of M... [PDF] BAL HARBOUR, Fla., Dec. 1--George Meany told the building trades today to help Negroes get into skilled unions, but he emphasized that there should be no lowering of apprenticeship standards....View free preview December 2, 1967 - By DAMON STETSON Special to The New York Times 18 UNIONS PLEDGE TO SEEK NEGROES FOR BUILDING JOBS; Assure Labor Department They Will Try to Preven... [PDF] BAL HARBOUR, Fla., Feb. 13 -- The building trades unions assured the Department of Labor here today that they would actively recruit Negro members, discuss apprenticeship programs with civil rights groups and try to prevent discrimination by their local u...View free preview February 14, 1968 - By PETER MILLONES Special to The New York Times - Labor; Building Trades Say, 'Enter, Negroes' [PDF] BAL HARBOUR, Fla. -- In scattered parts of the country each morning, Negro men get out of bed, put on work clothes and go to construction sites where they do nonunion plumbing work, carpentry and other skilled labor at lower than union wages....View free preview February 18, 1968 - By PETER MILLONES Union Apprenticeships Rise For Minorities in Building [PDF] MIAMI BEACH, Feb. 11 (AP) -- A union official said today that construction unions, once a major target of racial discrimination complaints, tripled the number of Negro and other minority group apprentices in the last nine months and might double the figur...View free preview February 12, 1969 Meany Doubtful on Hiring Quota Plan [PDF] George Meany, president of the A.F.L. - C.I.O., expressed doubt yesterday about the workability of the Labor Department's plan to set minority hiring quotas for Federal contractors....View free preview August 9, 1969 - By DAMON STETSON - Article Negro Groups Step Up Militancy In Drive to Join Building Unions; Blacks, Dissatisfied With Slow Pac... [PDF] " If black men don't work, nobody works."...View free preview August 28, 1969 - By DAMON STETSON - Article N.A.A.C.P. IS SUING ON BUILDING JOBS; Asks Halt in Construction Financed by Government Unless Negro... [PDF] The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People announced yesterday a series of legal actions aimed at stopping work on Government-financed construction unless qualified Negroes were employed on the projects....View free preview September 4, 1969 - By DAMON STETSON - Front Page GAIN IN UNION JOBS SEEN FOR BLACKS; But Militants Say Growth Is Not Fast Enough [PDF] WASHINGTON, Sept 21 (AP) -- Job openings for Negroes in occupations controlled by labor unions are widening, according to Government estimates, but not nearly fast enough to satisfy black militants....View free preview September 22, 1969 - Article UNIONS ARE URGED TO SPUR HOUSING; U.S. Asks Building Trades to Accept New Methods [PDF] ATLANTIC CITY, Sept. 23 -The Under Secretary of Housing and Urban Development called upon the building trades unions today to help meet the nation's housing crisis by expanding construction manpower and by accepting new work methods....View free preview September 24, 1969 - By DAMON STETSON Special to The New York Times - Article

BUILDING UNIONS SPUR NEGRO JOBS; Defend Record in Hiring but Pledge Greater Effort--Reject Quota Pl...  [PDF] 

ATLANTIC CITY, Sept. 22--The A.F.L.-C.I.O. building trades unions, smarting under charges of racial discrimination, defended their record in admitting blacks today and called for further steps to accelerate the process....View free preview September 23, 1969 - By DAMON STETSON Special to The New York Times - Front Page MEANY CRITICIZES NIXON ON RACISM; Sees Building Trades Unions in 'Whipping Bolt' Role [PDF] ATLANTIC CITY, Sept. 24 -- George Meany sharply criticized the Nixon Administration today for attempting, he said, to make "a whipping boy" of the building trades unions by charging them with discrimination against black workers....View free preview September 25, 1969 - By DAMON STETSON Special to The New York Times - Construction Unions Vow To Fight Nonwhite Quotas; Construction Unions Vow to Fight Nonwhite Quotas [PDF] MIAMI BEACH, Fla., Feb. 10 -- The nation's construction unions declared today they would fight proposed new Federal regulations that would require them to place a specified quota of nonwhite workers in their apprenticeship programs....View free preview February 11, 1971 - By PHILIP SHABECOFFSpecial to The New York Times - Front MINORITIES' ROLE IN BUILDING IS LOW; N.A.A.C.P. Official Asserts Training Plans Failed No Departmen... [PDF] WASHINGTON, June 2--Herbert Hill, director of labor for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, in a new study has condemned as failures federally-funded training programs designed to put minority workers in construction jobs....View free preview June 3, 1974 - By PAUL DELANEYSpecial to The New York Times - Article

BUILDING TRADES BAR U.S. EFFORTS TO CURB PAY RISES; Wirtz's Peace Plan Scored Mine Union Also Refus... [PDF] BAL HARBOUR, Fla., Feb. 17 The general presidents of the nation's building trades unions dealt a major blow today to the wage restraint program of President Johnson's Administration....View free preview February 18, 1966 - By DAMON STETSON Special to The New York Times

RICHARD GRAY, 79, UNION CHIEF, DIES; Quit in 1960 as A.F.L.-C.I.O. Building Trades Leader [PDF] WASHINGTON, May 2 (AP) Richard J. Gray, former president of the Building and Construction Trades Department of the A.F.L.-C.I.O., died last night in Georgetown Hospital after lung surgery. He was 79 years old and a resident of the national capital....View free preview May 3, 1966 - Article

Honor Pacts or Lose Jobs, Labor Chief Tells Unions [PDF] WASHINGTON, Sept. 3 (AP) A labor leader warned today that union construction workers faced rising job losses if they did not give a full day's work for their pay, live up to their contracts and stop "devastating" jurisdictional strikes....View free preview September 4, 1970 - Article

BUILDING LEADERS MOVE TO CONTROL PAY-PRICE SPIRAL; Tripartite Working Group Set Up to Map Proposals... [PDF] WASHINGTON, Jan. 21 -The Administration and the nation's construction industry are moving toward the formation of a stabilization board or similar machinery to oversee collective bargaining and wage price levels, industry officials disclosed today....View free preview January 22, 1971 - By PHILIP SHABECOFFSpecial to The New York Times

Builders and Unions Sign an Accord to Curb Strikes [PDF] BAL HARBOUR, Fla., Feb. 14 -- The National Constructors Association and the Building and Construction Trades Department of the A.F.L.-C.I.O. reached agreement today on uniform work rules and financial penalties in jurisdictional disputes....View free preview February 15, 1971 - By DAMON STETSONSpecial to The New York Times - Article

NIXON ACTS TO CUT CONSTRUCTION PAY ON U.S. PROJECTS; He Suspends Requirement That Scales Must Match... [PDF] WASHINGTON, Feb. 23 -- In an effort to curb inflation in the construction industry, President Nixon suspended today provisions of a law requiring that union scale wages be paid to workers on Federal and federally assisted construction projects....View free preview February 24, 1971 - By ROBERT B. SEMPLE Jr. Special to The New York Times - Front Page

Labor Leaders Denounce Wage Action [PDF] 

BAL HARBOUR, Fla., Feb. 23 -- Leaders of building trades unions said today that President Nixon's suspension of provisions of the Davis-Bacon Act would have a negligible effect in curbing inflation but might adversely affect the wages paid nonunion worker...View free preview February 24, 1971 - By DAMON STETSON Special to The New York Times - Article

HODGSON WINDS UP TALK WITH UNIONS ON BUILDING COSTS; Sources Close to Parley Say No Agreement Is Re...  [PDF] 

BAL HARBOUR, Fla., Feb. 20 -- Secretary of Labor James D. Hodgson ended his meetings with building trades leaders here today without publicly announcing progress in working out a plan for curbing wage and price rises in the construction industry....View free preview February 21, 1971 - Front Page Building Unions Will Fight Nixon's Wage-Curb Order; Building Unions to Fight Nixon Wage-Curb Order [PDF] WASHINGTON, March 30 -- A spokesman for the nation's construction unions declared today that President Nixon had imposed "full controls" on construction industry wages, although the Administration had characterized the move as something less....View free preview March 31, 1971 - By PHILIP SHABECOFFSpecial to The New York Times - Front Page Building Unions to Stay Outside Pay Board Control [PDF] MIAMI BEACH, Nov. 8 -- The Pay Board will not control wages in the building industry during Phase Two of the Administration's new economic policy....View free preview November 9, 1971 - By JERRY M. FLINTSpecial to The New York Times - Article 17 BUILDING UNIONS FAVORING PHASE 2; Conciliatory Approach Runs Counter to Rest of Labor [PDF] MIAMI BEACH, Nov 10 -- The nation's building trade unions are taking a conciliatory approach toward the new Federal wage guidelines....View free preview November 11, 1971 - By JERRY M. FLINTSpecial to The New York Times - Article Controls Trim Some Raises and Alter Unions' Bargaining Goals [PDF] DETROIT, Aug. 13 -- The first year of the Nixon Administration's new economic policies has brought evidence of smaller negotiated wage settlements and changed attitudes at the collective bargaining table....View free preview August 14, 1972 - Special to The New York Times - Article AFL-CIO-affiliated Bldg and Construction Trades Dept, representing 3.5-million union members, announces on Aug 17 that it will not endorse either Pres candidate but that individual unions are free to make endorsements; says dept will concentrate campaign efforts on Cong elections NEW YORK TIMES August 18, 1972, Friday 9 Heads of Building Unions Back Nixon for Re-election [PDF] WASHINGTON, Sept. 26 -- The presidents of nine building and construction unions representing 1.7 million workers endorsed President Nixon for re-election today, saving that they found "the positions and policies of the candidate of the Democratic party September 27, 1972 - By PHILIP SHABECOFF to The New York Times

PRESIDENT ELECTED BY BUILDING TRADES [PDF] WASHINGTON, May 8 -- The executive council of the Building and Construction Trades Department of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations elected Frank Bonadio as president of the department.... May 9, 1971 - Special to The New York Times

C. J. HAGGERTY, 77, LABOR CHIEF, DIES; Led A.F.L.-C.I.O. Trade Unit in Capital for 11 Years [PDF] View free preview October 13, 1971 - Obituary

Building Trades' Leaders Voice Worry as Nonunion Hiring Rises [PDF] BAL HARBOUR, Fla., Feb. 9 -- Leaders of the building and construction trades department of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations say that they are faced with a growing problem resulting from contractors' use of nonunion

February 10, 1972 - By DAMON STETSON The New York Times - Renovators The Target Of Protests By Unions.; Unions Seek Renovation Role [PDF] With an unemployment rate more than double the. national average, unionized construction workers are becoming increasingly militant about the use of nonunion labor on renovation jobs....View free preview December 8, 1974 - By ROBERT E. TOMASSON - Article Building Unions Eye Bargaining Shift; Nonunion Work Gains A Problem Industry Industry's Viewpoint [PDF] BAL HARBOUR, Fla., Feb. 13 --Despite warnings of impending labor turmoil in construction, influential union leaders still believe that the future of their industry rests on stabilizing industrial relations through new, more rational forms of collective bar...View free preview February 14, 1976 - By LEE DEMBART Special to The New York Times - Article ILDING UNIONS PLAN ORGANIZING CAMPAIGN; Surge in Open-Shop Construction and Setback in Congress A... [PDF] LOS ANGELES, Nov. 30 A national surge in nonunion construction is pushing the building trades unions into an organizing campaign, an unusual step because they are generally known for restricting their ranks....View free preview December 1, 1977 - By JERRY FLINT Special to The New York Times - Article TRADE UNIONS LOSING GRIP ON CONSTRUCTION; Cost Increases Slow as Nonunion Labor Gets Larger Share o... [PDF] LOS ANGELES, Dec. 11 The building trades unions, long the strongest segment of organized labor, are losing their control of the construction industry....View free preview December 12, 1977 - By JERRY FLINT Special to The New York Times - Front Page Bricklayers' Union Fights to Hold Its Share in a Slumping Business [PDF] LOS ANGELES, Dec. 2 These are not the best of times for the union bricklayer. First, there is the general slump in the building business December 4, 1977 - BY JERRY FLINT Special to The New York Times

From the late 1940s to the end of the 1960s, the construction trades represented 50 percent of the workforce. But by 2000, they represented less than 20 percent.

• Palladino, Grace. Strong Hands, Skilled Spirits. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2005. ISBN 0801443202

Peter Brennan, former BTCD pres in NY, appointed sec of DOL

New President is Elected For Building- Trades Group [PDF] The executive council of the Building and Construction Trades Department of the American Federation of Labor and Council of Industrial Organizations unanimously elected Robert A. Georgine today as president of the department....View free preview May 7, 1974 - Special to The New York Times - Article

President Intends to Veto Construction Picketing Bill; Ford Will Veto Construction Site Picketing B... [PDF] WASHINGTON, Dec. 22 President Ford announced today that he would veto the construction industry picketing bill, the only piece of labor legislation enacted this year and a bill that the Administration had supported and helped draft....View free preview December 23, 1975 - By LEE DEMBART Special to The New York Times - Article Labor Asks New Construction Industry Picketing Bill [PDF] BAL HARBOUR, Fla., Feb. 15 Organized labor is preparing another major legislative drive to obtain passage of a new construction industry picketing bill similar to the one President Ford vetoed last year....View free preview February 16, 1977 - By DAMON STETSON Special to The New York Times - Article WASHINGTON REPORT; Picketing the Issue in Construction Fight [PDF] WASHINGTON Labor-management relations in the building and construction industry, traditionally as bloody and bizarre as the political life of ancient Byzantium, had been showing marked improvement....View free preview March 13, 1977 - By PHILIP SHABECOFF - Article

U.S. Moves to Require Contractors To Hire Women on Federal Jobs [PDF] WASHINGTON, Aug. 10 The Labor Department is preparing regulations to require Federal contractors to set goals and timetables for hiring women for bricklaying, carpentry and other construction jobs, much as they do now for blacks and members of other minor...View free preview August 11, 1977 - By ERNEST HOLSENDOLPH Special to The New York Times - Article

Unions' Pension Investments; Lack of Control Cited by Study [PDF] The American labor movement has done almost nothing to influence the way in which billions of dollars in union-related pension funds have been invested, according to a new study on the holdings of both public and private pension plans....View free preview

August 31, 1979 - By ANN CRITTENDEN - Article

[edit] Structure

As a semi-autonomous department of the AFL-CIO, BCTD has its own constitution, elects its own board of directors and officers, holds its own convention, makes policy, and sets dues. In many respects, it acts like a labor federation of its own.

BCTD is governed by its affiliate unions. Membership in BCTD is open to affiliate unions of the AFL-CIO. Currently, 11 AFL-CIO unions belong to BCTD. The member unions meet in a quadrennial convention (the last was in 2005), at which members elect a board of directors and officers, set dues, and discuss and approve policies. BCTD members are free to establish their own policies and procedures so long as they do not conflict with the constitution and policies of the AFL-CIO.

BCTD members elect three executive officers—a president, first vice president and treasurer, as well as nine individuals to a board of directors. One of the nine is elected as chair of the board. Between conventions, the board is the governing body of BCTD. Day-to-day operations are overseen by the president and an executive director.

Under the AFL-CIO constitution, BCTD (as with all trade departments) has certain rights. BCTD officers are entitled to attend meetings of the AFL-CIO executive council as well as certain standing and policy committees of the council. BCTD also may elect delegates to represent it at the AFL-CIO quadrennial convention, and its delegates may participate in the convention's committees. As a matter of courtesy and AFL-CIO policy, BCTD officers are also invited to participate in the activities of a wide variety of AFL-CIO councils, committees, policy-making groups, and staff and departmental meetings.

BCTD is one of six constitutional departments of the AFL-CIO, which means that it may not be abolished without amending the AFL-CIO's constitution.

Currently, the chair of the BCTD board of directors is Edward J. McElroy, president of the American Federation of Teachers. The first vice president is William Lucy, secretary-treasurer of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees. The treasurer is Linda Foley, president of The Newspaper Guild (a division of the Communications Workers of America).

BCTD's president is Paul Almeida, a past-president of the International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers. In 2005, Almeida was elected to the national executive board of the Labor and Employment Relations Association. He is also a member of the board of directors of the Albert Shanker Institute.

BCTD's executive director is David Cohen, an attorney and formerly BCTD staff person in charge of education and organizing.

resources to 13 affiliated trades unions in the construction industry. It has 386 state, local and provincial councils in the United States and Canada. Edward C. Sullivan is the President of the BCTD. Prior to his election to the position in 2000, he was the President of the Union of Elevator Constructors.

[edit] References

• "A.F. of L. Bars All Inter-Union Strikes." New York Times. September 16, 1922.
• "Building Trades Department of A.F. of L. to Require Single Policy by Each Contractor." New York Times. August 3, 1927.
• "Building Unions Prohibit Strikes." New York Times. July 25, 1941.
• "Building Unions Seek Code Changes." New York Times. December 1, 1933.
• "Construction League Contends A.F. of L. Aim Is to Bring About a Deadlock." New York Times. November 11, 1933.
• Cummins, E.E. "Industrial Unionism in the Building Trades of the United States." International Labour Review. April 1927.
• Cummins, E.E. "The National Board for Jurisdictional Awards and the Carpenters' Union." American Economic Review. 19:3 (September 1929).
• Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 3: The Policies and Practices of the American Federation of Labor, 1900-1909. New York: International Publishers, 1964. Cloth ISBN 0-7178-0093-8; Paperback ISBN 0717803899
• Galenson, Walter. The United Brotherhood of Carpenters: the First Hundred Years. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983. ISBN 0674921968.
• Grabelsky, Jeff. "Building and Construction Trades Unions: Are They Built to Win?" Social Policy. Winter 2004/2005.
• Haber, William. Industrial Relations in the Building Industry. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1930.
• "Labor Board Sets Jurisdiction Rule." New York Times. November 28, 1933.
• "Labor Heads Score Construction Code." New York Times. November 15, 1933.
• "Labor Seeks to End Building Strikes." New York Times. May 8, 1921.
• "Labor Unions Quit Board of Awards." New York Times. October 4, 1927.
• Mann, J. Keith and Husband, Jr., Hugh P. "Private and Governmental Plans for the Adjustment of Interunion Disputes: Work Assignment Conflict to 1949." Stanford Law Review. 13:1 (December 1960).
• Morris, Charles. The Blue Eagle at Work: Reclaiming Democratic Rights in the American Workplace. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004. ISBN 0801443172
• Neufeld, Maurice F. "Structure and Government of the AFL-CIO." Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 9:3 (April 1956).
• Palladino, Grace. Skilled Hands, Strong Spirits. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2005. ISBN 0801443202
• Phelan, Craig. William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1989. ISBN 0887068715
• Rayback, Joseph G. A History of American Labor. Rev. and exp. ed. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., 1974. ISBN 1299505295
• "Request Conference on Five-Day Week Plan." New York Times. January 26, 1929.
• "Safety Contest for Building Workers." New York Times. October 14, 1928.
• Schlesinger, Arthur M. The Age of Roosevelt: The Coming of the New Deal: 1933-1935. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1958. ISBN 0618340866
• Stark, Louis. "Bureau of A.F. of L. Rejects 3 Unions." New York Times. September 28, 1934.
• Stark, Louis. "Five-Hour Day Plea Goes to A.F. of L." New York Times. October 3, 1930.
• Stark, Louis. "Intra-Union Rows Harrying Labor." New York Times. October 31, 1933.
• Stark, Louis. "Labor's Vast Triple Problem: A New Form for Unionism?" New York Times. October 22, 1933.
• Stark, Louis. "Union Heads Write Own Building Code." New York Times. October 26, 1933.
• Stetson, Damon. "Brennan Defends Building Trades." New York Times. November 7, 1963.
• "Strike Ban Brings Big Building Pact." New York Times. August 23, 1939.
• "Strike Wanes as Big Unions Fail to Join Walkout." New York Times. September 29, 1916.
• "Trades President at Cincinnati Convention Urges Creation of Prevention Board." New York Times. June 9, 1922.
• "Union Compact Ends 4-Year Building War." New York Times. October 3, 1925.
• "Union Heads Score Construction Code." New York Times. October 28, 1933.
• "Union Rows Delay 8 Projects Here." New York Times. September 18, 1939.
• Whitney, Nathaniel Ruggles. Jurisdiction in American Building Trades Unions. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1914.

[edit] Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Palladino, Skilled Hands, Strong Spirits, 2005.
2. ^ Palladino, Strong Hands, Skilled Spirits, 2005, p. 4
3. ^ Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States, Vol. 3, 1964, p. 206.
4. ^ Haber, Industrial Relations in the Building Industry, 1930; Whitney, Jurisdiction in American Building Trades Unions, 1914.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States, Vol. 3, 1964.
6. ^ An operating engineer is a worker who operates heavy equipment such as bulldozers, graders, tractors, cranes, scrapers, excavators, trench-diggers and dredges. They may also act as mechanics on such equipment, and as surveyors.
7. ^ Amalgamation refers to the unification of various unions into one union. Each amalgamating union retains its autonomy, but agrees to submit to the national union in certain highly-specified, limited circumstances. Amalgamation is often seen as a half-way point between craft and industrial unionism.
8. ^ Neufeld, "Structure and Government of the AFL-CIO," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, April 1956; Mann and Husband, "Private and Governmental Plans for the Adjustment of Interunion Disputes: Work Assignment Conflict to 1949," Stanford Law Review, December 1960.
9. ^ Galenson, The United Brotherhood of Carpenters: the First Hundred Years, 1983; Rayback, A History of American Labor, 1974.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Cummins, "Industrial Unionism in the Building Trades of the United States," International Labour Review, April 1927.
11. ^ For example, when the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees struck in New York City in 1916, the local building trades council promised that 120,000 of its members would honor the strike. Almost none did. See "Strike Wanes as Big Unions Fail to Join Walkout," New York Times, September 29, 1916.
12. ^ "Labor Seeks to End Building Strikes," New York Times, May 8, 1921; "Trades President at Cincinnati Convention Urges Creation of Prevention Board," New York Times, June 9, 1922. The AFL also passed a resolution condemning jurisdictional strikes, but that action also had no effect. "A.F. of L. Bars All Inter-Union Strikes," New York Times, September 16, 1922.
13. ^ For example, the Bricklayers and Plasters struck one another repeatedly from 1921 to 1925 over disparities in wages and which union was assigned work. BCTD intervened repeatedly in the conflict, but inter-union warfare ended only when the two unions settled matters on their own. "Union Compact Ends 4-Year Building Warm" New York Times, October 3, 1925.
14. ^ "Labor Unions Quit Board of Awards," New York Times, October 4, 1927.
15. ^ "Building Trades Department of A.F. of L. to Require Single Policy by Each Contractor," New York Times, August 3, 1927.
16. ^ "Safety Contest for Building Workers," New York Times, October 14, 1928.
17. ^ Schlesinger, The Age of Roosevelt: The Coming of the New Deal: 1933-1935, 1958, p. 87.
18. ^ Phelan, William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader, 1989.
19. ^ "Request Conference on Five-Day Week Plan," New York Times, January 26, 1929; Stark, "Five-Hour Day Plea Goes to A.F. of L.," New York Times, October 3, 1930.
20. ^ Stark, "Union Heads Write Own Building Code," New York Times, October 26, 1933; "Union Heads Score Construction Code," New York Times, October 28, 1933; "Construction League Contends A.F. of L. Aim Is to Bring About a Deadlock," New York Times, November 11, 1933; "Labor Heads Score Construction Code," New York Times, November 15, 1933; "Building Unions Seek Code Changes," New York Times, December 1, 1933.
21. ^ Morris, The Blue Eagle at Work: Reclaiming Democratic Rights in the American Workplace, 2004.
22. ^ ^{a b} "Labor Board Sets Jurisdiction Rule," New York Times, November 28, 1933.
23. ^ Stark, "Intra-Union Rows Harrying Labor," New York Times, October 31, 1933.
24. ^ Stark, "Bureau of A.F. of L. Rejects 3 Unions," New York Times, September 28, 1934.

[edit] External links

• BCTD Web site[[Category: