Family values

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Family values is a political and social concept or term that has been used in various nations across the world to describe a set of moral beliefs in society specifically in response to the perception by social or religious conservatives of declining morality within that nation itself.^[1] The term is vague in its precise definition as many different groups have claimed that it means different things. As such, "family values" has been described as a political buzzword, power word, or code word.

Contents 1 Definition 1.1 Conservative and liberal perspectives 2 Political application 3 Media application 4 Family values in U.S. politics 4.1 Republican party 4.2 Democratic party 5 Family values in British politics 6 Family values in Chinese culture and Confucianism 7 Family values in Islam 8 References 9 See also 9.1 Organizations that promote conservative family values 10 Books 11 External links

[edit] Definition

The concept of "family values" is rooted in each individual culture thus making the values different for different societies. In addition, cultures change over time in response to economic, political, and cultural developments. Therefore, "family values" vary from household to household, from country to country, and from generation to generation.

[edit] Conservative and liberal perspectives

Social and religious conservatives often use the term "family values" to promote conservative ideology that supports traditional morality or values.^[2] American Christians often see their religion as the source of morality and consider the nuclear family to be an essential element in society. Some conservative family values advocates believe the government should endorse Christian morality,^[3] for example by displaying the Ten Commandments or allowing teachers to conduct prayers in public schools. Religious conservatives often view the United States as a "Christian nation".^[4] For example, the American Family Association, says "The American Family Association exists to motivate and equip citizens to change the culture to reflect Biblical truth and traditional family values."^[5] These groups variously oppose abortion, pornography, pre-marital sex, homosexuality, some aspects of feminism,^[6] cohabitation, and depictions of sexuality in the media.

In contrast to the view of family values held by the Christian right, liberals have used the phrase to support such values as family planning, affordable child care, and maternity leave. For example, groups such as People For the American Way, Planned Parenthood, and Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays have attempted to define the concept in a way that promotes the normalization of single-parent families, the acceptance of same-sex monogamous relationships and marriage. This understanding of family values does not promote conservative morality, instead focusing on encouraging and supporting alternative family structures, access to contraception, abortion, increasing the minimum wage, sex education, childcare, and parent-friendly employment laws, which provide for maternity leave and leave for medical emergencies involving children.^[7]

[edit] Political application

The use of family values as a political term became widespread after a 1992 speech by Vice President Dan Quayle that attributed the Los Angeles riots to a breakdown of family values. Quayle specifically blamed the violence in L.A. as stemming from a decay of moral values and family structure in American society. In an aside, he cited the fictional title character in the television program Murphy Brown as an example of how popular culture contributes to this "poverty of values", saying: "[i]t doesn't help matters when primetime TV has Murphy Brown—a character who supposedly epitomizes today's intelligent, highly paid, professional woman—mocking the importance of fathers, by bearing a child alone, and calling it just another 'lifestyle choice'". Quayle drew a firestorm of criticism from feminist and liberal organizations and was widely ridiculed by late night talk show hosts for this remark. The "Murphy Brown speech" and the resulting media coverage damaged the Republican ticket in the 1992 presidential election and became one of the most memorable incidents of the 1992 campaign. Long after the outcry had ended, the comment continued to have an effect on US politics. Stephanie Coontz, a professor of family history and the author of several books and essays about the history of marriage, says that this brief remark by Quayle about Murphy Brown "kicked off more than a decade of outcries against the 'collapse of the family'".^[8]

Others have used the phrase in such slogans as: Hate is not a family value. Jim Wallis, at the Sojourners Call for Renewal in 2006, titled his speech "Poverty is not a family value."^[9] Many Americans believe that access to health care and to education, and freedom from violence, are important family values.

[edit] Media application

Typically, the term is used by the media to refer to Christian values, but in a New York Times survey, "Five percent of the women and one percent of the men defined family values as being connected to religion or the Bible. Nine out of ten women defined family values as loving, taking care of and supporting each other, knowing right from wrong and having good values."

[edit] Family values in U.S. politics

[edit] Republican party

Since 1980, the Republican party has used the issue of family values to attract socially conservative voters. While family values remains a rather vague concept, social conservatives usually understand the term to include some combination of the following principles (also referenced in the 2004 Republican Party platform):^[10]

• Opposition to homosexual marriage^[11]
• Support for traditional education and parental involvement in that education^[12]
• Support for policies that encourage "adoption over abortion"^[13]
• Support for behavior identified as traditional or moral such as respect, discipline, attentiveness, religious commitment^[14]
• Support for healthy choices such as a nutritious diet, medical screenings, and physical activity^[15]
• Support for health education, including abstinence, on the risks associated with early sexual activity such as teen pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases^[16]
• Support for policies that protect children from obscenity and exploitation^[17]

However, critics of the Republican platform point out that the party frequently opposes policies that would benefit families, such as enabling affordable access to education and healthcare, raising wages for all workers so that their families can be adequately supported, and protecting the interests of families against large corporate interests such as predatory lenders, polluters, and privatized utilities.

[edit] Democratic party

Although the term "family values" remains a core issue for the Republican party, in recent years the Democratic party has also used the term, though differing in its definition. For example, in his acceptance speech at the 2004 Democratic National Convention, John Kerry said "it is time for those who talk about family values to start valuing families."^[18]

[edit] Family values in British politics

Family values was a recurrent theme in the Conservative government of John Major. Predictably, it caused considerable embarrassment whenever a member of the Government was found to be having an affair. John Major himself, the architect of the policy, was subsequently found to have had an affair with Edwina Currie.

[edit] Family values in Chinese culture and Confucianism

In Confucian thought, family values, familial relationships, ancestor worship, and filial piety (Chinese: 孝; Mandarin: Xiào; Cantonese: Haau) are the primary basis of the philosophical system, and these concepts are seen as virtues to be cultivated.

Filial piety is considered the first virtue in Chinese culture. While China has always had a diversity of religious beliefs, filial piety has been common to almost all of them; for example, Historian Hugh D. R. Baker calls respect for the family the only element common to almost all Chinese believers. These traditions were sometimes enforced by law; during parts of the Han Dynasty, for example, those who neglected ancestor worship could even be subject to corporal punishment.

The term "filial", meaning "of a child", denotes the respect and obedience that a child, originally a son, should show to his parents, especially to his father. This relationship was extended by analogy to a series of five relationships or five cardinal relationships (五倫 Wǔlún):

1. ruler and subject (君臣),
2. father and son (父子),
3. husband and wife (夫婦),
4. elder and younger brother (兄弟),
5. friend and friend (朋友)

Specific duties were prescribed to each of the participants in these sets of relationships. Such duties were also extended to the dead, where the living stood as sons to their deceased family. This led to the veneration of ancestors. In time, filial piety was also built into the Chinese legal system: a criminal would be punished more harshly if the culprit had committed the crime against a parent, while fathers exercised enormous power over their children. Much the same was true of other unequal relationships.

This theme consistently manifests itself in many aspects of East Asian culture even to this day, with extensive filial duties on the part of children toward parents and elders, and greater concern of parents toward their children than found in modern American or European cultures.

[edit] Family values in Islam

In Islamic teachings, Muslims are expected to respect their parents, children, wives and other family members. The division of property goes from the father to his children and husband to his wife. A male member of the family is not allowed to halve the property from the females because they are the protector (not abuser) of the family and are expected to provide financial support (see Syariah law). Islam emphasises respect for women as mothers; a mother is respected three times more than a father, as she has given birth to the child and been its first provider of food and clothing. Therefore, it is expected that the child appreciates what the mother has done. (see Women in Islam for further details) However, this does not mean that the child should disrespect the father, who is expected to support his family financially, as well as govern them the right way (teaching the correct moral values as accordance to Islam) and protect them. Some people have misunderstood that Islam is a religion that encourages violence against women, such as wife-beating. However, this act is discouraged and only used in extreme cases (?? Quran quote ??). Although the husband is regarded as the head of his household, husbands are strongly encouraged to reason with their wives if there is a disagreement.

For further details, see Islamic family relations

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
• Christian right
• Communications Decency Act of the Telecommunications Act of 1996
• Compassionate conservatism
• Culture of Life
• Decency
• Dominionism
• Heteronormativity
• Homosexual agenda
• Missionary Generation
• Paleoconservatism
• Pro-life
• Sexual norm
• Social aspects of clothing
• Social conservatism
• Southern strategy
• Victorian morality
• William Bennett

[edit] Organizations that promote conservative family values

• American Decency Association
• American Family Association
• Christian Coalition
• Christian Voice
• Concerned Women for America
• Family Research Council
• Focus on the Family
• National Legion of Decency
• Parents Television Council
• Traditional Values Coalition
• United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' Office for Film and Broadcasting

[edit] Books

• Bennett, William J., ed. The Book of Virtues: A Treasury of Great Moral Stories. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. ISBN 0-671-68306-3.
• Coontz, Stephanie. "The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap". New York: Basic Books, 1992. ISBN 0-465-09097-4.
• Coontz, Stephanie. "The Way We Really Are: Coming to Terms with America's Changing Families". Basic Books, 1998. ISBN 0-465-09092-3.
• Coontz, Stephanie., ed. "American Families; A Multicultural Reader". London: Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-415-91574-0.
• Coontz, Stephanie. "Marriage, A History: From Obedience to Intimacy, or How Love Conquered Marriage". New York: Viking Press, 2005. ISBN 0-670-03407-X.
• Good, Deirdre. Jesus' Family Values (ISBN 1-59627-027-6; ISBN 978-1-59627-027-5), New York: Church Publishing, 2006.
• Shapiro, Ben. Porn Generation: How Social Liberalism Is Corrupting Our Future (ISBN 0-89526-016-6), Regnery, 2005.

[edit] External links

• 2004 U.S. Republican Party Platform ("Protecting our Families")
• 2004 U.S. Democratic National Platform ("Strong, Healthy Families")
• Dan Quayle, Speech to the Commonwealth Club of California
• The Klein Coalition of Faith and Values
• Support Our Families