Fossil birds

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For a list of birds extinct in Late Quaternary prehistoric times and (usually) known from specimens not completely fossilized, see Late Quaternary prehistoric birds. For birds that have gone extinct since the year 1500, please refer to Extinct birds.

A replica of the Berlin specimen of Archaeopteryx, most famous of prehistoric birds.

Birds are generally believed to have evolved from certain feathered theropod dinosaurs, and there is no real dividing line between birds and dinosaurs, except of course that the former survived the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event and the latter did not. Some dinosaur groups which may or may not be true birds are listed below under 'Proto-birds'.

This page contains a listing of prehistoric bird taxa only known from completely fossilized specimens. These extinctions took place before the Late Quaternary and thus took place in the absence of significant human interference. While the earliest hominids had been eating birds and especially their eggs, human population and technology was simply insufficient to seriously affect healthy bird populations until the Upper Paleolithic Revolution. Rather, reasons for the extinctions listed here are stochastic abiotic events such as bolide impacts, climate change due to orbital shifts, mass volcanic eruptions etc. Alternatively, species may have gone extinct due to evolutionary displacement by successor or competitor taxa - it is notable that an extremely large number of seabirds have gone extinct during the mid-Tertiary; this is probably due to competition by the contemporary radiation of marine mammals. The relationships of these taxa are often hard to determine, as many are known only from very fragmentary remains and due to the complete fossilization precluding analysis of information from DNA, RNA or protein sequencing. The taxa listed in this article should be classified with the Wikipedia conservation status category "Fossil".

1 Taxonomic List of Fossil Prehistoric Birds
2 See also
3 References
- 3.1 External links

[edit] Taxonomic List of Fossil Prehistoric Birds

Higher-level taxa are presented in phylogenetic order. Genus-level taxa are sorted chronologically, in ascending order (i.e., older taxa first).

The higher-level groups of non-Neornithes are arranged after Chiappe (2001, 2002), updated and expanded to incorporate recent research. These categories are inclusive in ascending order: e.g., every basal pygostylian is a member of the Aves (but more advanced than "basal Aves"), etc.

Please be aware that taxonomic assignments, especially in the pygostylian to early neornithine genera, are still very provisional and subject to quite frequent change.

[edit] †"Proto-birds"

This category contains very early fossils that some consider the earliest evidence of birds and others which are generally agreed to be theropods but the placement of which in regard to birds is controversial. Most scientists consider them - especially the mysterious Alvarezsauridae - closely related to birds, and some find them avian enough to include in the birds outright. In any case, these forms demonstrate that feathered wings and other "avian" features were not limited to true birds, but evolved independently in several related lineages of theropods.

"Protoavis" (Late Triassic) - a nomen dubium
"Palaeopteryx" (Late Jurassic) - a nomen dubium
Oviraptorosauria
- e.g. Caudipteryx (Early Cretaceous)
Scansoriopterygidae
- e.g. Epidendrosaurus (Early Cretaceous)
Troodontidae
- e.g. Mei (Early Cretaceous)
Therizinosauria
- e.g. Beipiaosaurus (Middle Cretaceous)
Alvarezsauridae
- e.g. Shuvuuia (Late Cretaceous)
Dromaeosauridae
- e.g. Rahonavis (Late Cretaceous)

[edit] †Basal Aves

Model of Sapeornis chaoyangensis, a short-legged Early Cretaceous bird the size of a large grouse which probably fed on fruit and nuts.

The most primitive birds, usually still possessing a long bony tail with generally unfused vertebrae.

Unresolved forms
- Dalianraptor (Jiufotang Early Cretaceous of Liaoning, China)
- Jixiangornis (Early Cretaceous)
- Shenzhouraptor (Early Cretaceous) - sometimes called Jeholornis
Archaeopterygidae
- Archaeopteryx (Late Jurassic)
- Wellnhoferia (Late Jurassic) - may be synonym of Archaeopteryx

[edit] Omnivoropterygiformes

Omnivoropterygidae
- Omnivoropteryx (Early Cretaceous)
- Sapeornis (Early Cretaceous)

[edit] †Basal Pygostylia

Reconstruction of two Confuciusornis in flight, showing their strange wing shape.

The earliest birds with a modern pygostyle: a reduction and fusion of the tail vertebrae. Possibly a paraphyletic group because it is not certain that the pygostyles found in these animals are indeed synapomorphies.

Placement unresolved
- Longipteryx (Early Cretaceous) - enantiornithine?
- Abavornis (Late Cretaceous) - enantiornithine?
- Catenoleimus - enantiornithine?
- Explorornis - enantiornithine?
- Incolornis - enantiornithine?
Confuciusornithidae
- "Proornis" (Sinniju Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous of Sinnuiju City, North Korea) - a nomen nudum
- Changchengornis (Early Cretaceous of Chaomidianzi, China)
- Confuciusornis (Early Cretaceous)
- Jinzhouornis (Yixian Early Cretaceous of Liaoning, China) - possibly synonym of Confuciusornis

[edit] †Enantiornithes

"Opposite Birds" due to the shape of their scapula/coracoid bones; an extinct Mesozoic sub-class. Together with the Ornithurae (which includes modern birds), they form the Ornithothoraces: birds adapted to flight in the modern way (though the expression of individual traits differs). For example, their shoulder blades are modified to permit raising their wings far above their backs; although as noted above, the shape of the individual shoulder bones differs markedly among ornithothoracine groups.

Unresolved and basal forms
- Aberratiodontus (Early Cretaceous)
- Boluochia (Early Cretaceous) - cathayornithid?
- Concornis (Early Cretaceous)
- Cuspirostrisornis (Early Cretaceous)
- Dapingfangornis (Early Cretaceous)
- Eoenantiornis (Early Cretaceous)
- Largirostrornis (Early Cretaceous)
- "Liaoxiornis" (Early Cretaceous) - a nomen dubium
- Longchengornis (Early Cretaceous)
- Longirostravis (Early Cretaceous)
- Hebeiornis (Yixian Early Cretaceous of Hebei, China) - possibly a nomen nudum; if valid, includes Vescornis
- Enantiornithes gen. et spp. indet. (Early Cretaceous)
- Eoalulavis (Middle Cretaceous)
- Alexornis (Late Cretaceous)
- Elsornis (Late Cretaceous)
- Halimornis (Late Cretaceous)
- Kizylkumavis (Late Cretaceous)
- Lectavis (Late Cretaceous) - enantiornithiform?
- Lenesornis (Late Cretaceous)
- Sazavis (Late Cretaceous)
- Gobipteryx (Late Cretaceous) - enantiornithiform? own family?
- Gurilynia (Late Cretaceous) - enantiornithiform?
- Yungavolucris (Late Cretaceous) - enantiornithiform (avisaurid)?
- Enantiornithes gen. et spp. indet. (Late Cretaceous)

Kuszholiidae (disputed)
- Kuszholia (Late Cretaceous)

[edit] Iberomesornithiformes

Iberomesornithidae
- Iberomesornis (Early Cretaceous)
- Noguerornis (Early Cretaceous)

[edit] "Cathyornithiformes"

"Cathayornithidae"
- Sinornis/Cathayornis (Early Cretaceous)
- Eocathayornis

[edit] Enantiornithiformes

Enantiornithidae
- Enantiornis (Late Cretaceous)
Avisauridae
- Avisaurus (Late Cretaceous)
- Neuquenornis (Late Cretaceous)
- Soroavisaurus (Late Cretaceous)

[edit] †Basal Ornithurae

Essentially modern birds, except many still possess a few primitive features such as teeth or wing claws.

Unresolved and basal forms
- Gansus (Early Cretaceous) - basal
- Apsaravis (Djadokhta Late Cretaceous of Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia) - ambiortid?
- Archaeorhynchus (Early Cretaceous of Liaoning, China)
- "cf. Parahesperornis" (Nemegt Late Cretaceous of Tsagaan Kushu, Mongolia) - hesperornithiform?
- Limenavis (Allen Late Cretaceous of Salitral Moreno, Argentina) - neornithine (paleognath)?
- Carinatae gen. et sp. indet. NHMM/RD 271 (Maastricht Late Cretaceous, CBR-Romontbos Quarry, Belgium) - ichthyornithine?
- Ornithurae gen. et sp. indet. RBCM.EH2005.003.0001 (Northumberland Late Cretaceous of Hornby Island, Canada)
- Ornithurae gen. et sp. indet. TMP 98.68.145 (Dinosur Park Late Cretaceous of Iddesleigh, Canada) - hesperornithiform?
Ambiortidae
- Ambiortus (Early Cretaceous of Mongolia)

[edit] Yanornithiformes

Songlingornithidae
- Songlingornis (Jiufotang Early Cretaceous of Liaoning, China)
- Yanornis (Early Cretaceous)
- Yixianornis (Jiufotang Early Cretaceous of Chaoyang City, China)

[edit] †Hesperornithes

Skull of a Hesperornis with the unique teeth.

Large, toothed, loon-like diving birds.

Unresolved and basal forms
- Asiahesperornis (Late Cretaceous) - hesperornithid?
- Judinornis (Late Cretaceous)
- Potamornis (Late Cretaceous) - hesperornithid?
- Pasquiaornis
- Hesperornithiformes gen. et sp. indet. TMP 89.81.12 (Late Cretaceous)
- Hesperornithiformes gen. et sp. indet. "Kushmurun, Kazakhstan" (Late Cretaceous)
Enaliornithidae
- Enaliornis (Early Cretaceous)
Baptornithidae
- Baptornis (Late Cretaceous)
Hesperornithidae
- Hesperornis (Late Cretaceous)
- Parahesperornis (Late Cretaceous)
- Canadaga
- Coniornis

[edit] †Ichthyornithes

Toothed birds similar to modern gulls.

Ichthyornidae
- Ichthyornis (Late Cretaceous)

[edit] Neornithes

The sub-class that contains all modern birds.

Unresolved and basal forms
- †Gallornis (Early Cretaceous of Yonne, France - Late Cretaceous of Haţeg Basin, Romania) - phoenicopteriform or galliform
- †Apatornis (Smoky Hill Chalk Late Cretaceous of Twin Butte Creek, USA) - anseriform?
- †Ceramornis (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous) - charadriiform?
- †"Cimolopteryx" (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous) - charadriiform?
- †Lonchodytes (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous of Wyoming, USA) - gaviiform?/procellariiform, pelecaniform?
- †Palintropus (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous) - quercymegapodiid or charadriform
- "Presbyornithidae" gen. et sp. indet. (Barun Goyot Late Cretaceous of Udan Sayr, Mongolia) - anseriform (presbyornithid)?
- †Teviornis (Nemegt Late Cretaceous of S Mongolia) - presbyornithid?
- †Torotix (Late Cretaceous) - pelecaniform, charadriiform, procellariform or phoeniopteriform
- †Neornithes incerta sedis AMNH 25272 (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous of Converse County, USA) - phalacrocoracid?
- †Neornithes incerta sedis PVPH 237 (Portezuelo Late Cretaceous of Sierra de Portezuelo, Argentina) - galliform?
- †Neornithes incerta sedis UCMP 117598 (Hell Creek Late Cretaceous of Bug Creek West, USA)
- †Neornithes incerta sedis UCMP 117599 (Hell Creek Late Cretaceous of Bug Creek West, USA) - anseriform?
- †Volgavis (Early Palaeocene of Volgograd, Russia) - charadriiform?
- †Argillipes (London Clay Early Eocene of England) - galliform?
- †Coturnipes (Early Eocene of England, and Virginia, USA?) - galliform, falconiform?
- †Fluviatitavis (Early Eocene of Silveirinha, Portugal) - charadriiform?
- †Neanis (Early Eocene) - primobucconid, piciform?
- †Neptuniavis (London Clay Early Eocene of England) - pelagornithid or procellariid
- †Onychopteryx (Early Eocene of Argentina) - falconid? A nomen dubium
- †Paracathartes (Early Eocene of WC USA) - lithornithiform?
- †Percolinus (London Clay Early Eocene of England) - galliform?
- †"Precursor" (Early Eocene of England) - psittaciform (in part - several species? pseudasturid or psittacid?)
- †"Green River Palaeognath" USNM 336103 (Green River Early/Middle Eocene)
- †Palaeopsittacus (Early - Middle Eocene of NW Europe) - caprimulgiform (podargid?) or quercypsittid?
- †Amitabha (Bridger Middle Eocene of Forbidden City, USA)
- †Hassiavis (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany) - archaeotrogonid, piciform?
- †Protocypselomorphus (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany) - caprimulgiform, apodiform or ancestral to both
- †Eobalearica (Ferghana Late? Eocene of Ferghana, Uzbekistan) - gruiform (gruid)?
- †Eocathartes (Middle Eocene of Germany) - cathartid?
- †Ludiortyx (Montmartre Late Eocene of Montmartre, France) - rallid, quercymegapodid?
- †Petropluvialis (Late Eocene of England) - may be same as Palaeopapia; anseriform?
- †"Phasianus" alfhildae (Washakie B Late Eocene of Haystack Butte, USA) - gruiform, ciconiiform, phoenicopteriform?
- †Talantatos (Late Eocene of Paris Bain, France) - gruiform?
- †Telecrex (Irdin Manha Late Eocene of Shara Murun, Mongolia) - meleagrid or gruiform (rallid?)
- †"Colymboides" anglicus (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Hordwell, England) - gaviiform? previously included in Palaeopapia eous
- †Filholornis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of France) - musophagid? cracid?
- †Agnopterus (Late Eocene - Late Oligocene of Europe) - phoenicopteriform or anseriform, includes Cygnopterus lambrechti
- †Plesiocathartes (Late Eocene -? Early Miocene of SW Europe) - cathartid, leptosomid?
- †Botauroides (Eocene of Wyoming, USA)- coliiform?
- †Aminornis (Deseado Early Oligocene of Rio Deseado, Argentina) - gruiform (aramid)?
- †Ciconiopsis (Deseado Early Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina) - ciconiid?
- †Climacarthrus (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina) - accipitrid? A nomen dubium
- †Cruschedula (Deseado Early Oligocene of Golfo San Jorge, Argentina) - accipitrid? A nomen dubium
- †"Headonornis hantoniensis" BMNH PAL 4989 (Hampstead Early Oligocene of Isle of Wight, England) - formerly "Ptenornis"; anseriform?
- †Loncornis (Deseado Early Oligocene of Rio Deseado, Argentina) - gruiform (aramid)?
- †Loxornis - anatid? (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina)
- †Manu (Early Oligocene of New Zealand) - diomedeid?
- †Palaeocrex (Early Oligocene of Trigonias Quarry, USA) - rallid?
- †Palaeopapia (Hampstead Early Oligocene of Isle of Wight, England) - anseriform?
- †Paracygnopterus (Early Oligocene of Belgium and England) - anatid?
- †"Pararallus" hassenkampi (Sieblos Dysodil Early Oligocene of Sieblos, Germany)
- †Riacama (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina) - gruiform?
- †Smiliornis (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina) - gruiform?
- †Teracus (Early Oligocene of France)
- †Teleornis (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina) - anatid?
- †Pseudolarus (Deseado Early Oligocene - Miocene of Argentina) - gruiform?
- †"Anas" creccoides (Early/Middle Oligocene of Belgium) - anseriform?
- †Limicorallus (Indricotherium Middle Oligocene of Chelkar-Teniz, Kazakhstan) - anatid?
- †Megagallinula (Indricotherium Middle Oligocene of Chelkar-Teniz, Kazakhstan)
- †"Palaeorallus" alienus (Middle Oligocene of Tatal-Gol, Mongolia) - galliform?
- †Gnotornis (Brule Late Oligocene of Shannon County, USA) - gruiform (aramid)?
- †Tiliornis (Late? Oligocene of Argentina) - phoenicopteriform? A nomen dubium
- †Gaviella (Oligocene? of Wyoming, USA) - gaviiform? plotopterid?
- †"Propelargus" olseni (Hawthorne Early Miocene of Tallahassee, USA) - ciconiiform?
- †Neornithes incerta sedis MNHN SA 1259-1263 (Early/Middle Miocene of Sansan, France) - passeriform?
- †Anisolornis (Santa Cruz Middle Miocene of Karaihen, Argentina) - gruiform, galliform, tinamiform?
- †"Ardea" perplexa (Middle Miocene of Sansan, France) - ardeid? strigiform?
- †"Cygnus herrenthalsi" (Middle Miocene of Belgium)
- †"Ardea" aureliensis (Late Miocene of France) - ardeid?
- †Eoneornis (Miocene of Argentina)- anatid? A nomen dubium
- †Eutelornis (Miocene of Argentina) - anatid?
- †Protibis (Miocene of Argentina) - ciconiiform (threskiornithid)?
- †"Limnatornis" paludicola (Miocene of France) - coliid? phoeniculid?
- †"Picus" gaudryi (Miocene of France) - piciform?
- †"Ardea" lignitum (Late Pliocene of Germany) - ardeid? strigid (genus Bubo)?
- †Bathoceleus (Pliocene of New Providence, Bahamas) - picid?
†Foratidae - cuculiform?
- Foro (Green River Early/Middle Eocene of Wyoming)
- †Halcyornis
- †Homalopus - piciform?
- †Juncitarsus - phoenicopteriform?
- †Kashinia - phoenicopteriform?
- †Liptornis - pelecaniform (pelecanid)? A nomen dubium
- †Palaeospiza - passeriform? coraciiform?
- †Procuculus
- †Pseudocrypturus - lithornithiform?
- †Pulchrapollia - includes "Primobucco" olsoni - psittaciform (pseudasturid or psittacid?)
- †Pumiliornis
- †Qinornis
†Archaeotrogonidae - ancestral to caprimulgiforms and apodiforms?
- Archaeotrogon
†Cladornithidae - pelecaniform?
- Cladornis (Deseado Early Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina)
†Eleutherornithidae
- Eleutherornis
- Proceriavis
†Eocypselidae - apodiform (hemiprocnid?)? caprimulgiform? basal to both?
- Eocypselus (Late Paleocene ?- Early Eocene of NC Europe)
†Eremopezidae - ratites?
- Eremopezus (Late Eocene of North Africa) - includes Stromeria
†Fluvioviridavidae
- Fluvioviridavis (Green River Early Eocene of N America)
- Eurofluvioviridavis (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)
†Gracilitarsidae
- Eutreptodactylus (Late Paleocene of Brazil) - a nomen dubium
- Gracilitarsus (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)
†Laornithidae - charadriiform? gruiform?
- Laornis (Late Cretaceous?)
†Messelasturidae - accipitrid? basal to Strigiformes?
- Tynskya (Early Eocene of N America and England)
- Messelastur (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)
†Parvicuculidae - cypselomorph, cuculiform, Primobucconidae?
- Parvicuculus (Early Eocene of NW Europe)
†Primoscenidae - piciform? synonym of Zygodactylidae?
- Primoscens
- Primozygodactylus
†Remiornithidae - palaeognath?
- Remiornis
†Sylphornithidae
- Oligosylphe (Borgloon Early Oligocene of Hoogbutsel, Belgium)
- Sylphornis
†Tytthostonygidae - procellariiform, pelecaniform?
- Tytthostonyx (Hornerstown Late Cretaceous/Early Palaeocene)
†Zygodactylidae - piciform?
- Zygodactylus
†"Graculavidae" - a paraphyletic group, the "transitional shorebirds"
- Graculavus (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous - Hornerstown Late Cretaceous/Early Palaeocene) - charadriiform?
- Palaeotringa (Hornerstown Late Cretaceous?) - charadriiform?
- Telmatornis (Navesink Late Cretaceous?) - charadriiform?
- Scaniornis - phoenicopteriform?
- Zhylgaia - presbyornithid?
- Dakotornis
- Placement unresolved
  - "Graculavidae" gen. et sp. indet. (Gloucester County, USA)

[edit] Struthioniformes

Ostrich and related ratites.

Placement unresolved
- †Opisthodactylus (Miocene of Argentina) - rheid?
- †Diogenornis - rheid?
Casuariidae - Emus and cassowaries
- †Emuarius (Late Oligocene - Late Miocene) - formerly Dromaius
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Dromaius (Middle Miocene - Recent)
  - Casuarius
Rheidae - Rheas
- †Heterorhea (Pliocene of Argentina)
- †Hinasuri
†Aepyornithidae - Elephant Birds
- Mullerornis
Struthionidae - Ostriches
- †Palaeotis (Middle Eocene) - includes Palaeogrus geiseltalensis
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Struthio (Early Miocene - Recent)

[edit] †Lithornithiformes

Lithornithidae - Primitive ratites
- Promusophaga
- Lithornis

[edit] Tinamiformes

Tinamidae - Tinamous
- †Querandiornis (Ensenada Early/Middle Pleistocene of Argentina)
- Placement unresolved
  - Tinamidae gen. et sp. indet. MACN-SC Fleagle Collection (Early - Middle Miocene of S Argentina) - at least 2 species
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Eudromia sp. (Late Miocene of La Pampa Province, Argentina)
  - Eudromia olsoni (Late Pliocene of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina)
  - Nothura parvula (Late Pliocene of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) - formerly Cayeornis
  - Eudromia intermedia (Pliocene of Argentina) - formerly Tinamisornis
  - Nothura paludosa (Pleistocene of Argentina)

[edit] Anseriformes

Statues of the mihirung Bullockornis planei at King's Park, Perth.

The group that includes modern ducks and geese.

Basal and unresolved forms
- †Anatalavis (Late Cretaceous/Early Paleocene - Early Eocene) - anseranatid or basal
- †Proherodius (Early Eocene) - presbyornithid?
- †Paranyroca (Early Miocene) - Anatidae or own family?
Anhimidae - Screamers
- †Chaunoides
†Dromornithidae - The Australian mihirungs or "demon ducks".
- Dromornis (Late Miocene - Pliocene)
- Bullockornis (Middle Miocene)
- Barawertornis
- Ilbandornis
Anseranatidae - magpie-geese
- Anseranatidae gen. et sp. nov (Late Oligocene)
†Presbyornithidae
- Vegavis (Late Cretaceous)
- Presbyornis (Paleocene - Early Oligocene)
- Headonornis - only BMNH PAL 30325 belongs to this species, may belong to Presbyornis.
- Telmabates
Anatidae - Ducks, geese and swans
- †Eonessa (Eocene)
- †Cygnavus (Early Oligocene - Early Miocene)
- †Romainvillia (Early Oligocene? - Late Eocene)
- †Cygnopterus (Middle Oligocene - Early Miocene)
- †Guguschia (Oligocene)
- †Mionetta (Late Oligocene - Early Miocene)
- †Megalodytes (Middle Miocene)
- †Afrocygnus (Late Miocene? - Early Pliocene)
- †Presbychen (Late Miocene)
- †Paracygnus (Late Pliocene)
- †Anabernicula (Late Pliocene? - Late Pleistocene)
- †Eremochen (Pliocene)
- †Brantadorna (Middle Pleistocene)
- †Nannonetta (Late Pleistocene of Peru)
- †Archaeocygnus (Pleistocene)
- †Aldabranas
- †Dendrochen
- †Sinanas
- †Wasonaka
- Placement unresolved
  - Anatidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene)
  - "cf. Megalodytes" (Middle Miocene)
  - "Chenopis" nanus - at least 2 taxa (Pleistocene)
- Extant and recently extinct genera present in the fossil record
  - Somateria (Middle Oligocene? - Recent)
  - Bucephala (Middle Miocene - Recent)
  - Clangula (Middle Miocene - Recent)
  - Cygnus (Late Miocene - Recent)
  - Histrionicus (Middle Miocene - Recent) - includes Ocyplonessa
  - Mergus (Middle Miocene - Recent)
  - Anas (Late Miocene - Recent)
  - Anser (Late Miocene - Recent) - includes Heterochen
  - Branta (Late Miocene - Recent)
  - Aythya (Early Pleistocene - Holocene)
  - Chendytes (Early Pleistocene - Holocene)
  - Oxyura (Middle Pleistocene - Recent)
  - Lophodytes (Late Pleistocene - Recent)
  - Neochen (Late Pleistocene - Recent)

[edit] Galliformes

The group that includes modern chickens and quails.

Placement unresolved
- †Austinornis (Austin Chalk Late Cretaceous of Fort McKinney, USA) - formerly Graculavus/Ichthyornis lentus
- †Procrax (Middle Eocene? - Early Oligocene) - cracid? gallinuloidid?
- †Palaeortyx (Middle Eocene - Early Miocene) - phasianid or odontophorid
- †Palaeonossax (Brule Late Oligocene of South Dakota, USA) - cracid?
- †Taoperdix (Late Oligocene)
- †Archaealectrornis (Oligocene) - phasianid?
- †Galliformes gen. et sp. indet. MCZ 342506 (Oligocene) - formerly in Gallinuloides; phasianid?
- †Archaeophasianus (Oligocene? - Late Miocene) - tetraonid or phasianid
- †Palaealectoris (Agate Fossil Beds Early Miocene of Sioux County, USA) - tetraonid?
- †"Cyrtonyx" tedfordi (Barstow Late Miocene of Barstow, USA)
- †Paleophasianus - tetraonid or cracid
†Gallinuloididae
- Gallinuloides (Green River Early/Middle Eocene of Wyoming, USA)
- Paraortygoides (London Clay Early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze, England - Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)
†Paraortygidae
- Pirortyx
- Paraortyx
†Quercymegapodiidae
- Quercymegapodius (Middle Eocene - Early Oligocene)
- Taubacrex (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of Brazil)
- Ameripodius (Late Oligocene - Early Miocene of Brazil and France)
Megapodidae - Megapodes
- †Ngawupodius
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Leipoa gallinacea - formerly Progura
Cracidae - Guans and Curassows
- †Boreortalis (Early Miocene) - may be same as Ortalis
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Ortalis (Early Miocene - Recent)
Tetraonidae - Grouse
- Placement unresolved
  - "Tympanuchus" stirtoni (Early Miocene)
  - "Tympanuchus" lulli (Pleistocene? of New Jersey)
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Dendragapus (Late Pleistocene - Recent)
- Additional prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Lagopus atavus (Late Pliocene)
  - Lagopus balcanicus (Late Pliocene of Varshets, Bulgaria)
  - Tetrao partium (Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene)
  - Tetrao praeurogallus (Early Pleistocene)
  - Tetrao conjugens
  - Tetrao macropus
  - Tetrao rhodopensis
  - Bonasa praebonasia
  - Prehistoric subspecies of extant species
    - Lagopus lagopus noaillensis
    - Lagopus mutus correzensis
Phasianidae - Pheasants, quails and partridges
- †Schaubortyx (Middle Eocene - Early Oligocene)
- †Chauvireria (Late Pliocene of Varshets, Bulgaria)
- †Palaeocryptonyx (Late Pliocene of SW Europe)
- †Miogallus
- †Miophasianus
- †Palaeoperdix
- †Pliogallus
- †Plioperdix
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Coturnix (Late Oligocene - Recent)
  - Gallus (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene - Recent)
  - Pavo (Early Pliocene - Recent)
  - Francolinus (Late Pliocene - Recent)
  - Perdix (Early Pleistocene - Recent)
Odontophoridae - New World Quails
- †Nanortyx (Cypress Hills Early Oligocene of North Calf Creek, Canada)
- †Miortyx (Rosebud Early Miocene of Flint Hill, USA)
- †Neortyx (Early Pleistocene of Reddick, USA)
- Placement unresolved
  - †Odontophoridae gen. et sp. indet. KUVP 9393 (White River Early/Middle Oligocene of Logan County, USA)
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Cyrtonyx cooki (Late Miocene? of Upper Sheep Creek, USA)
  - Callipepla? shotwelli (Middle Pliocene of McKay Reservoir, USA) - formerly Lophortyx
  - Colinus hibbardi (Rexroad Late Pliocene of Rexroad, USA)
  - Colinus sp. (Late Pliocene of Benson, USA)
  - Colinus suilium (Early Pleistocene of SE USA)
  - Dendrortyx? sp. (Late Pleistocene of San Josecito Cavern, Mexico)
Meleagrididae - Turkeys
- †Rhegminornis (Early Miocene of Bell, USA)
- †Proagriocharis (Kimball Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lime Creek, USA)
- Placement unresolved
  - Meleagridae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Westmoreland County, USA)
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Meleagris (Early Pliocene - Recent)

[edit] Charadriiformes

Gulls, auks, shorebirds

Basal and unresolved taxa
- †Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. VI 9901 (Lopez de Bertodano Late Cretaceous of Vega Island, Antarctica) - burhinid? basal?
- †Jiliniornis (Huadian Middle Eocene of Huadian, China) - charadriid?
- †Boutersemia (Early Oligocene of Boutersem, Belgium) - glareolid?
- †"Larus" desnoyersii (Early Miocene of SE France) - larid? stercorariid?
- †"Larus" pristinus (John Day Early Miocene of Willow Creek, USA) - larid?
- †Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of Mátraszõlõs, Hungary)
- †"Totanus" teruelensis (Late Miocene of Los Mansuetos, Spain) - scolopacid? larid?
Scolopacidae - Waders and snipes
- †Paractitis (Early Oligocene of Sasketchawan, Canada)
- †Erolia
- Placement unresolved
  - Scolopacidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of Františkovy Lázně, Czechia - Late Miocene of Kohfidisch, Austria)
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Limosa (Late Eocene? - Recent) - includes Montirallus
  - Tringa (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene? - Recent) - includes Totanus
  - Gallinago (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene - Recent)
  - Scolopax (Early/Middle Pliocene? - Recent)
  - Phalaropus (Middle Pliocene - Recent)
  - Actitis (Late Pliocene - Recent)
Jacanidae - Jacanas
- †Nupharanassa (Early Oligocene)
- †Janipes
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - †Jacana farrandi
Laridae - Gulls
- †Laridae gen. et sp. indet. (Early Oligocene)
- †Gaviota (Late Miocene)
- Extant genera present in the fossil record'
  - Larus (Late Oligocene?/Early Miocene - Recent)
Alcidae - Auks
- †Hydrotherikornis (Late Eocene of Oregon, USA)
- †Petralca (Early ?- Late Oligocene of Austria)
- †Miocepphus (Middle Miocene of CE USA)
- †Alcodes (Late Miocene of Orange County, USA)
- †Praemancalla (Late Miocene - Early Pliocene of Orange County, USA)
- †Mancalla (Late Miocene - Early Pleistocene of W North America)
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Cepphus (Late Miocene - Recent)
  - Cerorhinca (Late Miocene - Recent)
  - Uria (Late Miocene - Recent)
  - Aethia (Late Miocene - Recent)
  - Alca (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene - Recent)
  - Synthliboramphus (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene - Recent)
  - Fratercula (Early Pliocene - Recent)
  - Pinguinus (Early Pliocene - Recent)
  - Brachyramphus (Late Pliocene - Recent)
  - Ptychoramphus (Late Pliocene - Recent)
Stercorariidae - Skuas and jaegers
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Stercorarius sp. (Middle Miocene)
  - Stercorarius shufeldti (Fossil Lake Middle Pleistocene of WC USA)
  - Prehistoric subspecies of extant species
    - Stercorarius pomarinus philippi
Glareolidae - Pratincoles
- †Paractiornis (Agate Fossil Beds Early Miocene of Sioux County, USA)
- †Mioglareola
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Glareola neogena
Burhinidae - Thick-knees
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Burhinus lucorum (Early Miocene)
  - Burhinus aquilonaris
  - Burhinus sp. (Cuba, West Indies)
  - Burhinus sp. (Late Pleistocene of Las Higueruelas, Spain)
  - Prehistoric subspecies of extant species
    - Burhinus bistriatus nanus (Bahamas, West Indies)
Charadriidae - Plovers
- †Viator
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Vanellus edmundi - formerly Belanopteryx
  - Vanellus downsi - formerly Belanopteryx
  - Oreopholus orcesi
Recurvirostridae - Avocets
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Himantopus (Late Miocene - Recent)
- Additional prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Recurvirostra sanctaeneboulae

[edit] Gruiformes

Reconstruction of the diatryma, Gastornis sp.

The group that includes modern rails and cranes.

Placement unresolved
- †Propelargus (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Quercy, France) - cariamid or idornithid
- †Rupelrallus (Early Oligocene of Germany) - rallid? parvigruid?
- †Badistornis (Brule Middle Oligocene of Shannon County, USA) - aramid?
- †Probalearica (Late Oligocene? - Middle Pliocene of Florida, USA, France?, Moldavia and Mongolia) - gruid? A nomen dubium?
- †Aramornis (Sheep Creek Middle Miocene of Snake Creek Quarries, USA) - gruid? aramid?
- †Euryonotus (Pleistocene of Argentina) - rallid?
- †Occitaniavis - cariamid or idiornithid, includes Geranopsis elatus
†Parvigruidae
- Parvigrus (Early Oligocene of Pichovet, France)
†Songziidae
- Songzia
†Gastornithidae - Diatrymas
- Gastornis (Late Paleocene - Middle Eocene of W Europe, and North America) - includes Diatryma
- Gasthornithidae gen. et sp. indet. PU 13258 (Early Eocene of Parly County, USA)
- "Diatryma" corei (Middle Eocene of Lissieu, France)
- Omorhamphus
- Zhongyuanus
Rallidae - Rails
- †Eocrex (Early Eocene)
- †Palaeorallus (Early Eocene)
- †Aletornis (Middle Eocene)
- †Fulicaletornis (Middle Eocene)
- †Ibidopsis (Late Eocene)
- †Quercyrallus (Late Eocene -? Late Oligocene)
- †Belgirallus (Early Oligocene)
- †Rallicrex (Middle/Late Oligocene)
- †Palaeoaramides (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene - Late Miocene)
- †Paraortygometra (Late Oligocene/?Early Miocene)
- †Pararallus (Late Oligocene? - Late Miocene)
- †Miofulica (Middle Miocene)
- †Miorallus (Middle Miocene)
- †Creccoides
- †Microrallus
- †Parvirallus
- †Youngornis
- Placement unresolved
  - Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Oligocene)
  - Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene)
  - Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene)
  - Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. UMMP V55013/-14; UMMP V55012/V45750/V45746 (Late Pliocene)
  - Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. UMMP V29080 (Late Pliocene)
  - Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Bermuda, West Atlantic)
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Rallus (Middle Miocene - Recent)
  - Porzana (Middle? Miocene - Recent)
  - Fulica (Early Pliocene - Recent)
  - Gallinula (Late Pliocene - Recent)
- Additional prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Coturnicops avita (Glenns Ferry Late Pliocene of Hagerman, USA)
  - Laterallus insignis (Rexroad Late Pliocene of Rexroad, USA)
  - Laterallus sp. (Late Pliocene of Macasphalt Shell Pit, USA)
†Eogruidae
- Eogrus (Irdin Manha Middle/Late Eocene - Tung Gur Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Mongolia)
- Sonogrus (Ergilin Dzo Leate Eocene/Early Oligocene of Khor Dzan, Mongolia)
†Ergilornithidae
- Ergilornis (Early/Middle Oligocene of Ergil-Obo, Mongolia)
- Proergilornis (Early/Middle Oligocene of Ergil-Obo, Mongolia)
- Amphipelargus
- Urmiornis - may belong into Amphipelargus
Gruidae - Cranes
- †Palaeogrus (Middle Eocene of Germany and Italy - Middle Miocene of France)
- †Geranopsis (Hordwell Late Eocene - Early Oligocene of England)
- †Camusia (Late Miocene of Menorca, Mediterranean)
- †Pliogrus (Early Pliocene of Eppelsheim, Germany)
- Placement unresolved
  - Gruidae gen. et sp. indet. - formerly Grus conferta (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Contra Costa County, USA)
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Balearica rummeli (Early Miocene of Germany) - formerly Basityto
  - Balearica exigua
  - Grus miocaenicus (Middle Miocene of Credinţa, Romania) - may be synonym of Palaelodus ambiguus
  - Grus afghana (Late Miocene of Molayan, Afghanistan)
  - Grus sp. 1 (Late Miocene of Love Bone Bed, USA)
  - Grus sp. 2 (Late Miocene of Love Bone Bed, USA)
  - Grus cf. antigone (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
  - Grus nannodes (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene -? Middle Pliocene of Sherman County, USA)
  - Grus sp. (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
  - Grus haydeni (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene - Pleistocene? of WC USA)
  - Grus penteleci (Late Miocene - Early Pliocene of C and SE Europe) - formerly Pliogrus
  - Grus latipes (Shore Hills Late Pleistocene of Bermuda, W Atlantic) - formerly Baeopteryx
  - Grus pagei (Late Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea
  - Grus melitensis (Pleistocene of Malta)
  - Grus bogatshevi
  - Grus cubensis
  - Grus primigenia (Late Pleistocene? of SW Europe)
†Messelornithidae - Messel-birds
- Itardiornis
- Messelornis
Cariamidae - Seriemas
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Chunga incerta
†Salmilidae
- Salmila
†Geranoididae
- Eogeranoides (Willwood Early Eocene of Foster Gulch, USA)
- Geranoides (Willwood Early Eocene of South Elk Creek, USA)
- Palaeophasianus (Willwood Early Eocene of Bighorn County, USA)
- Paragrus (Early Eocene of WC USA)
- Geranodornis (Bridger Middle Eocene of Church Buttes, USA)
†Bathornithidae
- Eutreptornis (Uinta Late Eocene of Ouray Agency, USA)
- Neocathartes (Late Eocene)
- Palaeogyps (Early Oligocene of WC North America)
- Bathornithidae gen. nov. (Early - Middle Oligocene of C USA) - formerly Bathornis celeripes and B. cursor
- Paracrax (Early/Middle Oligocene of Gerry's Ranch, USA - Brule Late Oligocene of South Dakota, USA)
- Bathornis (Early Oligocene - Early Miocene of C USA)

Reconstruction of the famous "terror bird" Phorusrhacos longissimus.

†Idiornithidae
- Idiornis (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany ?- Quercy Middle Oligocene of Quercy, France)
- Gypsornis (Montmartre Late Eocene of Montmartre, France)
- Elaphrocnemus (Quercy Late Eocene ?-Middle Oligocene of Quercy, France)
- Oblitavis
†Phorusrhacidae - Terror birds
- Paleopsilopterus (Middle Paleocene of Itaboraí, Brazil)
- Andrewsornis (Middle - Late Oligocene of S Argentina)
- Physornis (Middle - Late Oligocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina)
- Psilopterus (Deseado Middle Oligocene - Arroyo Chasicó Late Miocene of S and E Argentina)
- Paraphysornis (Tremembé Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of São Paulo State, Brazil)
- Brontornis (Early - Middle Miocene)
- Patagornis (Santa Cruz Early - Middle Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina)
- Phorusrhacos (Early - Middle Miocene)
- Andalgalornis (Andalgala Late Miocene - Early Pliocene of N Argentina)
- Devincenzia (Late Miocene - Early Pliocene of NE Argentina and Arroyo Roman, Uruguay)
- Procariama (Late Miocene - Early Pliocene of Catamarca Province, Argentina)
- Mesembriornis (Late Miocene - Late Pliocene of E and NW Argentina)
- Titanis (Early - Late Pliocene)
Otididae - Bustards
- †Gryzaja
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Otis khosatzkii (Late Pliocene of Varshets, Bulgaria)
  - Chlamydotis affinis

[edit] Phoenicopteriformes

Placement unresolved
- Phoeniconotius (Etadunna Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of Lake Pitikanta, Australia)
†Palaelodidae - Swimming-flamingos
- Adelalopus (Borgloon Early Oligocene of Hoogbutsel, Belgium)
- Palaelodus (Middle Oligocene -? Middle Pleistocene)
- Megapaloelodus (Late Oligocene - Early Pliocene)
Phoenicopteridae - Flamingos
- †Elornis (Late Eocene - Early Oligocene)
- Placement unresolved
  - Phoenicopteridae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle? - Late Miocene)
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Phoenicopterus (Middle Oligocene - Recent)

[edit] Podicipediformes

Podicipedidae - Grebes
- †Miobaptus (Early Miocene)
- †Thiornis (Late Miocene -? Early Pliocene)
- †Pliolymbus (Late Pliocene)
- Placement unresolved
  - Podicipedidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Pliocene) - formerly included in Podiceps parvus
  - Podicipedidae gen. et sp. indet. UMMP 49592, 52261, 51848, 52276, KUVP 4484 (Late Pliocene)
  - Podicipedidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene)
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Podiceps (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene - Recent)
  - Aechmophorus (Late Pliocene - Recent)
  - Podilymbus (Late Pliocene - Recent)

[edit] Ciconiiformes

The diverse group that includes storks, herons and New World vultures.

Placement unresolved
- "Teratornis" olsoni
Ardeidae - Herons
- †Proardea (Late Eocene ?- Late Oligocene)
- †Xenerodiops (Early Oligocene)
- †Zeltornis (Early Miocene)
- †Ardeagradis
- †Calcardea
- †Proardeola - possibly same as Proardea
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Nycticorax (Early Oligocene - Recent)
  - Ardea (Middle Miocene - Recent)
  - Egretta (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene - Recent)
  - Butorides (Early Pleistocene - Recent)
  - Botaurus
Scopidae - Hammerkop
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Scopus xenopus
Threskiornithidae - Ibises
- †Rhynchaeites
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Plegadis paganus (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of France) - formerly Eudocimus
  - Plegadis gracilis (Late Pliocene of WC USA)
  - Plegadis pharangites (Late Pliocene of WC USA)
  - Theristicus wetmorei
  - Eudocimus leiseyi
  - Eudocimus ?peruvianus
  - Eudocimus sp. (Florida)
†Teratornithidae - Teratorns
- Argentavis (Late Miocene)
- Aiolornis (Early Pliocene - Late Pleistocene)
- Cathartornis
Cathartidae - New World vultures
- †Diatropornis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene -? Middle Oligocene)
- †Phasmagyps (Early Oligocene)
- †Brasilogyps (Late Oligocene - Early Miocene)
- †Hadrogyps (Middle Miocene)
- †Pliogyps (Late Miocene - Late Pliocene)
- †Perugyps (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene)
- †Dryornis (Early - Late? Pliocene) - may belong to modern genus Vultur
- †Aizenogyps (Late Pliocene)
- †Breagyps (Late Pleistocene)
- †Geronogyps (Late Pleistocene)
- †Wingegyps (Late Pleistocene)
- †Parasarcoramphus
- Placement unresolved
  - Cathartidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Oligocene of Mongolia)
  - Cathartidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
  - Cathartidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Pliocene of Argentina)
  - Cathartidae gen. et sp. indet. (Cuba)
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Sarcoramphus (Middle Pliocene ?- Recent)
  - Gymnogyps (Early Pleistocene - Recent)
  - Vultur (Pliocene - Recent) - distinctiveness disputed
Balaenicipitidae - Shoebills
- †Goliathia (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Egypt)
- †Paludavis (Late Miocene of Tunisia and Pakistan)
Ciconiidae - Storks
- †Palaeoephippiorhynchus (Early Oligocene of Fayyum, Egypt)
- †Grallavis (Early Miocene of Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, France, and Djebel Zelten, Libya) - may be same as
- †Prociconia (Late Pleistocene of Brazil) - may belong to modern genus Jabiru or Ciconia
- †Pelargosteon (Early Pleistocene of Romania)
- Placement unresolved
  - Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. - formerly Cygnus bilinicus (Early Miocene of Břešťany, Czechia)
  - cf. Leptoptilos gen. et sp. indet. - formerly L. siwalicensis (Late Miocene? - Late Pliocene of Siwalik, India)
  - Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Pleistocene of San Josecito Cavern, Mexico) - Ciconia or Mycteria
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Ciconia (Early Miocene? - Recent) - includes Xenorhynchus
  - Mycteria (Middle Miocene - Recent)
  - Ephippiorhynchus (Late Miocene - Recent)
  - Leptoptilos (Late Miocene - Recent) - includes Cryptociconia

[edit] Pelecaniformes

The group that includes modern pelicans and cormorants.

Basal and unresolved forms
- †"Sula" ronzoni (Early Oligocene of Ronzon, France) - formerly Mergus and Prophalacrocorax
- †?Anhinga laticeps (Pleistocene)
†Prophaethontidae
- Prophaethon (Early Eocene)
- Lithoptila (Late Paleocene of Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco)
Phaethontidae - Tropicbirds
- †Heliadornis
Fregatidae - Frigatebirds
- †Limnofregata (Early Eocene)
Sulidae - Gannets and boobies
- †Masillastega (Middle Eocene)
- †Eostega (Middle/Late Eocene)
- †Empheresula (Late Oligocene - Middle Miocene)
- †Microsula (Late Oligocene - Middle Miocene)
- †Sarmatosula (Middle Miocene)
- †Miosula (Late Miocene)
- †Palaeosula (?Early Pliocene)
- †Rhamphastosula (Early Pliocene)
- Placement unresolved
  - Sulidae gen. et sp. indet. (Thalberg Late Oligocene of Germany)
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Morus (Early Miocene - Recent)
  - Sula (Late Miocene - Recent)
Phalacrocoracidae - Cormorants and shags
- †Oligocorax (Late Oligocene of WC Europe)
- †Nectornis (Early Miocene of C Europe - Middle Miocene of Bes-Konak, Turkey) - includes Oligocorax miocaenus
- †"Valenticarbo" (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene) - a nomen dubium
- Placement unresolved
  - †Oligocorax? sp. (Late Oligocene of Enspel, Germany)
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Phalacrocorax marinavis (Oligocene? of Oregon) - Oligocorax?
  - Phalacrocorax littoralis (Early Miocene of St-Gérand-le-Puy, France) - formerly Oligocorax
  - Phalacrocorax intermedius (Early - Middle Miocene of C Europe) - includes P. praecarbo, Ardea/P. brunhuberi and Botaurites avitus
  - Phalacrocorax macropus (Early Miocene ?-? Pliocene of NW USA)
  - Phalacrocorax ibericus (Late Miocene of Valles de Fuentiduena, Spain)
  - Phalacrocorax lautus (Late Miocene of Golboçica, Moldavia)
  - Phalacrocorax serdicensis (Late Miocene of Hrabarsko, Bulgaria)
  - Phalacrocorax femoralis (Modelo Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of WC North America)
  - Phalacrocorax sp. (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
  - Phalacrocorax longipes (Late Miocene - Early Pliocene of the Ukraine) - formerly Pliocarbo
  - Phalacrocorax goletensis (Early Pliocene of Michoacán, Mexico)
  - Phalacrocorax wetmorei (Bone Valley Early Pliocene of Florida)
  - Phalacrocorax sp. (Bone Valley Early Pliocene of Polk County, USA) - may be P. idahensis
  - Phalacrocorax idahensis (Middle Pliocene ?- Pleistocene of Idaho)
  - Phalacrocorax destefani (Late Pliocene of Italy)
  - Phalacrocorax filyawi (Pinecrest Late Pliocene of Florida, USA) - may be P. idahensis
  - Phalacrocorax macer (Late Pliocene of Idaho, USA)
  - Phalacrocorax rogersi (Late Pliocene of Santa Barbara, USA)
  - Phalacrocorax kennelli (San Diego Pliocene of California)
  - Phalacrocorax sp. "Wildhalm" (Pliocene)
  - Phalacrocorax pampeanus (Pleistocene of Argentina)
  - Phalacrocorax gregorii (Pleistocene of Australia)
  - Phalacrocorax vetustus (Pleistocene of Australia)
  - Phalacrocorax anatolicus
  - Phalacrocorax chapalensis
  - Phalacrocorax kumeyaay
  - Phalacrocorax leptopus
  - Phalacrocorax mongoliensis
  - Phalacrocorax reliquus
  - Phalacrocorax sp. (Sarasota County, Florida) - may be P. idahensis
†Plotopteridae - Diving-"boobies"
- Phocavis
- Tonsala
- Copepteryx
- Plotopterum
†Protoplotidae
- Protoplotus (Middle Eocene of Sumatra)
Anhingidae - Darters
- †Meganhinga (Early Miocene)
- †Macranhinga (Middle/Late Miocene -? Early Pliocene)
- †Giganhinga (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene)
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Anhinga (Early Miocene - Recent)
†Pelagornithidae - Pseudo-tooth Birds
- Gigantornis (Middle Eocene of Nigeria)
- Cyphornis (Eocene of Vancouver, Canada)
- Osteodontornis (Early Oligocene - Pliocene)
- Pelagornis (Middle Miocene of France)
- Odontopteryx
- Caspiodontornis
- Dasornis
- Palaeochenoides
- Pseudodontornis
- Tympanoneisiotes
- Placement unresolved
  - ?Pelagornithidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Eocene)
Pelecanidae - Pelicans
- †Protopelicanus
- †Miopelecanus
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Pelecanus (Late Pliocene - Recent)

[edit] Procellariiformes

The group that includes modern albatrosses, petrels and storm-petrels.

†Diomedeoididae
- Rupelornis (Early Oligocene of Belgium)
- Diomedeoides (Early Oligocene ?-Early Miocene of C Europe and Iran) - includes Frigidafons, may be synonym of Rupelornis
Diomedeidae - Albatrosses
- †Murunkus (Middle Eocene)
- †Plotornis (Early - Middle Miocene) - includes "Puffinus" arvernensis
- Placement unresolved
  - Diomedeidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Oligocene of South Carolina)
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Diomedea (Middle Miocene - Recent)
  - Phoebastria (Middle Miocene - Recent)
  - Thalassarche (Late Miocene - Recent)
Hydrobatidae - Storm-petrels
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Oceanodroma hubbsi (Capistrano Middle/Late Miocene of Orange County, USA)
  - Oceanodroma sp.
  - Pelagodroma sp. 1
  - Pelagodroma sp. 2
Procellariidae - Petrels
- †Argyrodyptes (Patagonia Early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina)
- †Pterodromoides
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Puffinus (Early Oligocene - Recent)
  - Fulmarus (Middle Miocene - Recent)
  - Calonectris
  - Pachyptila
  - Procellaria
Pelecanoididae - Diving-petrels
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Pelecanoides (Early Pliocene - Recent)

[edit] Gaviiformes

Gaviidae - Loons
- †Colymboides (Late Eocene - Early Miocene) - includes Hydrornis
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Gavia (Early Miocene - Recent)

[edit] Sphenisciformes

Unresolved and basal forms
- †Waimanu (Early - Late Palaeocene)
- Sphenisciformes gen. et sp. indet. CADIC P 21 (Middle Eocene)
Spheniscidae - Penguins
- †Crossvallia (Late Paleocene)
- †Anthropornis (Middle Eocene ?- Early Oligocene)
- †Archaeospheniscus (Middle/Late Eocene - Late Oligocene)
- †Delphinornis (Middle/Late Eocene ?- Early Oligocene)
- †Palaeeudyptes (Middle/Late Eocene - Late Oligocene)
- †Pachydyptes (Late Eocene)
- †Marambiornis (Late Eocene -? Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica)
- †Mesetaornis (Late Eocene -? Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica)
- †Tonniornis (Late Eocene -? Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica)
- †Wimanornis (Late Eocene -? Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica)
- †Arthrodytes (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene - Early Miocene)
- †Duntroonornis (Late Oligocene of Otago, New Zealand)
- †Korora (Late Oligocene of S Canterbury, New Zealand)
- †Platydyptes (Late Oligocene of New Zealand)
- †Chubutodyptes (Early Miocene)
- †Eretiscus (Patagonia Early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina)
- †Paraptenodytes (Early - Late Miocene/Early Pliocene)
- †Palaeospheniscus (Early? - Late Miocene/Early Pliocene)
- †Anthropodyptes (Middle Miocene)
- †Pseudaptenodytes (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene)
- †Marplesornis (Pliocene)
- †Dege
- †Nucleornis
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Pygoscelis (Middle/Late Miocene - Recent)
  - Spheniscus (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene - Recent)
  - Aptenodytes (Early? Pliocene - Recent)
- Placement unresolved
  - Spheniscidae gen. et sp. indet (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of Hakataramea, New Zealand)

[edit] Pteroclidiformes

Pteroclididae - Sandgrouse
- †Archaeoganga
- †Leptoganga

[edit] Columbiformes

Columbidae - Doves and pigeons
- †Gerandia (Early Miocene)
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Patagioenas (Early Pliocene - Recent)
  - Columba

[edit] Psittaciformes

Unresolved and basal fossil parrots:

†Psittacopes
†Serudaptus - pseudasturid or psittacid?
†Pseudasturidae
- Pseudasturides - formerly Pseudastur
†Quercypsittidae
- Quercypsitta (Late Eocene)
Cacatuidae
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Cacatua (Early Miocene - Recent)
Psittacidae - Parrots, parakeets and lories
- †Archaeopsittacus (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene)
- †Xenopsitta (Early Miocene)
- †Bavaripsitta (Middle Miocene)
- †"Pararallus dispar" (Middle Miocene) - includes "Psittacus" lartetianus
- Extant and recently extinct genera present in the fossil record
  - Conuropsis (Early? Miocene - Holocene)
  - Aratinga (Late Pleistocene - Recent)
  - Rhynchopsitta (Late Pleistocene - Recent)

[edit] Cuculiformes

Cuckoos, turacos and allies.

Placement unresolved
- Cuculiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Early Eocene of Walton-on-the Naze, England)
Opisthocomidae - Hoatzins
- †Hoazinoides (Late Miocene)
- †Hoatzi - may be same as Foro
Musophagidae - Turacos
- Placement unresolved
  - Musophagidae gen. et sp. indet. (Egypt)
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Musophaga africanus - formerly Apopempsis
  - Musophaga meini - formerly Apopempsis
Cuculidae - Cuckoos
- †Eocuculus (Late Eocene)
- †Dynamopterus (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene)
- †Neococcyx (Early Oligocene)
- †Cursoricoccyx (Early Miocene)
- Placement unresolved
  - Cuculidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early Pliocene)

[edit] Falconiformes

Birds of prey

Unresolved and basal forms
- †Masillaraptor (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany) - basal?
†Horusornithidae
- Horusornis
Pandionidae - Ospreys
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Pandion (Early Oligocene - Recent)
Sagittariidae - Secretary Birds
- †Pelargopappus (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene - Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of France) - formerly Amphiserpentarius/Amynoptilon/Pelargopsis
Accipitridae - Hawks, eagles and Old World vultures
- †Milvoides (Late Eocene)
- †Aquilavus (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene)
- †Palaeocircus (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene)
- †Palaeastur (Early Miocene)
- †Pengana (Early Miocene)
- †Promilio (Beds Early Miocene)
- †Proictinia (Early - Late Miocene/Early Pliocene)
- †Palaeoborus (Miocene)<
- †Thegornis (Miocene)
- †Neophrontops (Early Pliocene - Late Pleistocene)
- †Amplibuteo (Late Pliocene of Peru - Late Pleistocene of S North America and Cuba) - may belong to extant genus Harpyhaliaetus
- †Neogyps
- †Palaeohierax
- †Wetmoregyps - formerly Morphnus daggetti
- Placement unresolved
  - Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. AMNH 7434 (Early Eocene)
  - Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. (Early Oligocene)
  - Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene) - Buteo?
  - Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. (Egypt)
  - "Aquila" danana (Miocene) - formerly Geranoaetus or Buteo
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Haliaeetus (Early Oligocene - Recent)
  - Buteo (Middle Oligocene - Recent)
  - Milvus (Early Pleistocene - Recent)
  - Gyps (Middle Pleistocene - Recent)
- Additional prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Aquila sp. (Middle Pleistocene of Castiglione, Corsica)
  - Aquila bivia
  - Aquila sodalis
  - Buteogallus enectus (Sheep Creek Middle Miocene of Sioux County, USA)
  - Buteogallus fragilis (Late Pleistocene of SW USA) - formerly Geranoaetus or Buteo
  - Buteogallus milleri (Late Pleistocene of New Mexico, USA)
  - Neophron sp. (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
  - Neophron vetustus
  - Neophron dakotensis
  - Neophron slaughteri
  - Neophron vallecitoensis
  - Neophron ricardoensis
  - Spizaetus grinnelli (Rancho La Brea Late Pleistocene of California, USA) - formerly Geranoaetus or Buteo
  - Spizaetus pliogryps
  - Prehistoric subspecies of extant species
    - Aquila chrysaetos simurgh (Late Pleistocene of Liko, Crete)
Falconidae - Falcons
- †Parvulivenator (Early Eocene of England)
- †Stintonornis (Early Eocene of England)
- †Badiostes (Santa Cruz Early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina)
- †Pediohierax (Middle Miocene of Nebraska, USA) - formerly Falco ramenta
- Placement unresolved
  - Falconidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Neuquén, Argentina)
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - ?Falco sp. (Late Miocene of Idaho)
  - Falco sp. (Early Pliocene of Kansas)
  - Falco medius (Late Miocene of Cherevichnyi, Ukraine)
  - Falco bakalovi (Late Pliocene of Varshets, Bulgaria)
  - Falco antiquus
  - Milvago alexandri
  - Milvago readei
  - ?Milvago sp. (Jamaica, West Indies)
  - Milvago sp. (Cuba, West Indies)
  - Prehistoric subspecies of extant species
    - Falco tinnunculus atavus
    - Polyborus plancus grinnelli (Late Pleistocene of California)
    - Polyborus plancus prelutosus (Late Pleistocene of Mexico)

[edit] Caprimulgiformes

Nightjars, potoos and allies.

Placement unresolved
- †Paraprefica - Steatornithidae or Nyctibiidae
Steatornithidae - Oilbirds
- †Prefica
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Steatornis sp.
Podargidae - Frogmouths
- †Masillapodargus
- †Quercypodargus
Nyctibiidae - Potoos
- †Euronyctibius
Caprimulgidae - Nightjars
- †Ventivorus

[edit] Aegotheliformes

Owlet-nightjars

Aegothelidae
- †Quipollornis (Early/Middle Miocene)

[edit] Apodiformes

Swifts, hummingbirds and owlet-nightjars.

Basal and unresolved forms
- †Primapus (Early Eocene) - aegialornithid or apodid
- †Parargornis (Middle Eocene) - jungornithid, trochilid, basal as Argornis?
- †Argornis (Late Eocene) - basal to Jungornithidae and Trochilidae
- †Cypselavus (Late Eocene - Early Oligocene) - aegialornithid or hemiprocnid
†Aegialornithidae
- Aegialornis (Early? - Late Eocene)
†Jungornithidae
- Jungornis (Early Oligocene of N Caucasus, Russia)
- Palescyvus
- Laputavis
Trochilidae - Hummingbirds
- †Eurotrochilus (Early Oligocene of Frauenweiler, Germany)
- Placement unresolved
  - Trochilidae sp. et gen. indet. (Bahamas, West Indies)
  - Trochilidae sp. et gen. indet. (Brazil)
Apodidae - Swifts
- †Scaniacypselus (Early - Middle Eocene)
- †Procypseloides (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene - Early Miocene)
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Apus
  - Tachornis

[edit] Coliiformes

Mousebirds and relatives

Unresolved and basal forms
- †Chascacocolius (Late Paleocene? - Early Eocene) - basal? sandcoleid?
- †Eocolius (Early Eocene) - sandcoleid or coliid
- †Selmes (Middle Eocene? -Late Oligocene) - coliid?, possibly synonym of Primocolius
- †"Necrornis" palustris (Miocene) - coliid (genus Colius)?
- †"Picus" archiaci (Miocene) - coliid? genus Limnatornis?
- †"Picus" consobrinus (Miocene) - coliid?
- †Eobucco - sandcoleid?
- †Uintornis - sandcoleid?
- †Limnatornis
†Sandcoleidae
- Sandcoleus
- Anneavis
- Eoglaucidium
Coliidae - Mousebirds
- †Primocolius (Late Eocene/Oligocene)
- †Oligocolius (Early Oligocene)
- †Masillacolius (Middle Eocene)
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Colius (Early Pliocene - Recent)

[edit] Strigiformes

Owls and barn owls

Unresolved and basal forms
- †Berruornis (Late Paleocene) - basal? Sophornithidae?
- †Palaeoglaux (Middle - Late Eocene) - own family Palaeoglaucidae or Strigidae?
- †Palaeobyas (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) - Tytonidae? Sophiornithidae?
- †Palaeotyto (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) - Tytonidae?
- †Strigiformes gen. et spp. indet. (Early Oligocene)
- Mioglaux (Late Oligocene? - Early Miocene of WC Europe) - includes "Bubo" poirreiri
- Intutula (Early/Middle Miocene of WC Europe) - includes "Strix/Ninox" brevis
- Alasio (Middle Miocene of Vieux-Collonges, France)
†Ogygoptyngidae
- †Ogygoptynx (Middle/Late Paleocene)
†Protostrigidae
- Eostrix (Early - Middle Eocene)
- Minerva (Middle - Late Eocene) - formerly Protostrix, includes "Aquila" ferox, "Aquila" lydekkeri, and "Bubo" leptosteus
†Sophiornithidae
- Sophiornis
- Strigogyps - includes Aenigmavis and Ameghinornis
Strigidae - Typical owls
- Placement unresolved
  - "Otus" wintershofensis (Early/Middle Miocene) - may be close to extant genus Ninox
  - "Strix" edwardsi (Late Miocene)
  - "Asio" pygmaeus (Early Pliocene)
  - Strigidae gen. et sp. indet. UMMP V31030 (Late Pliocene) - Strix/Bubo?
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Strix (Early Miocene - Recent)
  - Bubo (Late Miocene? - Recent)
  - Asio (Late Pliocene - Recent)
  - Athene (Late Pliocene - Recent)
  - Glaucidium (Late Pliocene - Recent)
  - Surnia (Late Pliocene - Recent)
  - Pulsatrix (Late Pleistocene - Recent)
Tytonidae - Barn Owls
- †Necrobyas (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene - Early Miocene)
- †Prosybris (Early Oligocene? - Early Miocene)
- †Nocturnavis
- †Selenornis
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Tyto (Late Miocene - Recent)

[edit] Coraciiformes

Rollers and allies.

Basal and unresolved forms
- †Quasisyndactylus (Middle Eocene) - alcediniform, basal?
- †Cryptornis (Late Eocene) - bucerotid?
- †Geranopterus (Late Eocene) - basal
†Eocoraciidae
- Eocoracias
†Primobucconidae
- Primobucco
Todidae - Todies
- †Palaeotodus
Motmotidae - Motmots
- †Protornis
- Placement unresolved
  - Momotidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Alachua County, USA)
†Messelirrisoridae
- Messelirrisor (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)
Bucerotidae - Hornbills
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Bucorvus

[edit] Trogoniformes

Trogonidae - Trogons
- †Septentrogon (Fur Late Paleocene/Early Eocene of Ejerslev, Denmark)
- †Primotrogon (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany? - Early Oligocene of France)
- †Paratrogon (Early Miocene of France)
- Placement unresolved
  - Trogonidae gen. et sp. indet. 1 (NW Europe)
  - Trogonidae gen. et sp. indet. 2 (NW Europe)

[edit] Piciformes

Placement unresolved
- †Piciformes gen. et sp. indet. IRScNB Av 65 (Early Oligocene)
- †Rupelramphastoides (Early Oligocene) - ramphastid?
- †Piciformes gen. et sp. indet. SMF Av 429 (Late Oligocene)
- †Capitonides (Early - Middle Miocene) - ramphastid or capitonid
†Miopiconidae
- Miopico
Picidae - Woodpeckers
- †Palaeopicus (Late Oligocene)
- †Palaeonerpes (Early Pliocene)
- †Pliopicus (Early Pliocene)
- Placement unresolved
  - Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene)
  - Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene)
  - cf. Colaptes DMNH 1262 (Early Pliocene of Ainsworth, USA)
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Campephilus (Late Pleistocene - Recent)
  - Colaptes
  - Dendrocopos
  - Additional prehistoric subspecies of extant species
    - Melanerpes superciliaris ssp. (Little Exuma, Bahamas)
    - Melanerpes superciliaris ssp. (New Providence, Bahamas)

[edit] Passeriformes

Placement unresolved
- †Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. QM F20688,F24685 (Early Eocene of Tingamarra, Australia) - 2 spp.?
- †Wieslochia (Early Oligocene of Frauenweiler, Germany)
- †Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. SMF Av 504 (Late Oligocene of Luberon, France) - suboscine
- †Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Late Oligocene of France)
- †Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. MACN-SC-1411 (Pinturas Early/Middle Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina)
- †Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. SMN Av 487-496 (Middle Miocene of Petersbuch, Germany)
- †Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. 1 (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of Mátraszõlõs, Hungary)
- †Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. 2 (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of Mátraszõlõs, Hungary)
- †Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. SMNS 86822,86825-86826
- †"Palaeostruthus" eurius (Pliocene of Florida)
Eurylaimidae - Broadbills
- Placement unresolved
  - Eurylaimidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early Miocene of Wintershof, Germany)
†Palaeoscinidae
- Paleoscinis
Furnariidae - Ovenbirds
- †Pseudoseisuropsis (Late Pleistocene of Uruguyay)
- Prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Pseudoseisura cursor (Ensenada Early/Middle Pleistocene of Anchorena, Argentina)
  - Cinclodes major (Middle Pleistocene of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina)
Menuridae - Lyretails
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Menura (Early Miocene - Recent)
Orthonychidae - Logrunners
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Orthonyx (Middle/Late Miocene - Recent)
Oriolidae - Orioles and Figbird
- †Longimornis (Early Miocene of Riversleigh, Australia)
Corvidae - Crows, Ravens, Jays and Magpies
- †Henocitta (Arredondo Early Pleistocene of Williston, USA)
- †Protocitta (Early Pleistocene of Reddick, USA)
- †Miocitta
- †Miocorvus
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Corvus (Late Miocene - Recent)
  - Pica (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene - Recent)
  - Pyrrhocorax
- Placement unresolved
  - Corvidae gen. et sp. indet. (Sicily)
Laniidae - Shrikes
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Lanius (Early Miocene - Recent)
Motacillidae - Wagtails
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Motacilla
Fringillidae - Finches
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Loxia (Late Pliocene - Recent)
- Additional prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Coccothraustes simeonovi (Late Pliocene of Varshets, Bulgaria)
  - Coccothraustes balcanicus
Cardinalidae - Cardinals
- Placement unresolved
  - ?Passerina sp. (Early Pliocene of Yepómera, Mexico)
Emberizidae - Buntings
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Ammodramus (Late Miocene - Recent) - includes Palaeostruthus
- Additional prehistoric species of extant genera
  - Pipilo angelensis (Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea, USA)
Regulidae - Kinglets
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Regulus (Late Pliocene - Recent)
Icteridae - Grackles
- †Pandanaris (Pleistocene)
- †Pyelorhamphus
- Extant genera present in the fossil record
  - Euphagus (Late Pleistocene - Recent)

[edit] Aves incertae sedis

These fossil birds cannot be assigned to any major group with reasonable certainty. As opposed to the "proto-birds" above, the material is sufficiently advanced to make them more derived forms. Some, however, are known from such fragmentary remains that the possibility that they are non-avian reptiles such as dinosaurs cannot be ruled out at present.

†Holbotia (Early Cretaceous of Andaikhudag, Mongolia) - basal pygostylian?
†Hongshanornis (Yixian Early Cretaceous of China) - pygostylian? ornithurine?
†"Jibeinia" (Early Cretaceous) - euenantiornithine? A nomen dubium
†Nanantius (Early Cretaceous) - enantiornithine?
†Otogornis (Yijinhuoluo Early Cretaceous of Yike Zhaomeng, China) - basal pygostylian? enantiornithine?
†Protopteryx (Early Cretaceous of China) - enantiornithine?
†Wyleyia (Early Cretaceous) - enantiornithine? neornithine (paleognath)?
†Aves gen. et sp. indet. Sahat Sakhan Dinosaur Research Centre collection, unnumbered (Sao Khua Early Cretaceous of Khok Kong, Thailand) - ornithurine?
†Aves? gen. et sp. indet. NMC 50852 (Early/Late Cretaceous of Kem Kem region, Morocco) - avian? dromaeosaurid (close to Rahonavis)?
†"Cerebavis" (Late Cretaceous) - enantiornithine? A nomen dubium
†Euornithes gen. et sp. indet. (Bissekty Late Cretaceous of Kyzyl Kum, Uzbekistan)
†Gargantuavis (Late Cretaceous of S France) - pygostylian? (enantiornithine?) basal ornithurine?
†Hulsanpes (Late Cretaceous) - basal avian? non-avian dinosaur?
†Iaceornis (Late Cretaceous of Gove County, USA) - neornithine or basal ornithurine
†Ornithurae gen. et sp. indet. IGM 100/1309 (Nemegt Late Cretaceous of Tsagaan Kushu, Mongolia) - presbyornithid?
†Ornithurae gen. et sp. indet. IGM 100/1310 (Nemegt Late Cretaceous of Tsagaan Kushu, Mongolia) - basal?
†Horezmavis (Bissekty Late Cretaceous of Kyzyl Kum, Uzbekistan) - enantiornithine (gobipterygiform?), basal ornithurine or gruiform
†"Ichthyornis" minusculus (Bissekty Late Cretaceous of Kyzyl Kum, Uzbekistan)
†cf. Nanantius (Bissekty Late Cretaceous of Kyzyl Kum, Uzbekistan) - enantiornithine?
†Neogaeornis (Quinriquina Late Cretaceous of Chile) - baptornithid or neornithine (gaviiform, procellariiform?)
†Patagopteryx (Barro de la Carpa Late Cretaceous of Sierra Barrosa, Argentina) - pygostylian? (enantiornithine?)
†Piksi (Two Medicine Late Cretaceous of Montana) - basal ornithurine, basal pygostylian or neornithine?
†Platanavis (Bissekty Late Cretaceous of Kyzyl Kum, Uzbekistan)
†Vorona (Late Cretaceous) - enantiornithine? basal ornithuromorph?
†UCMP 143274 (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous of Niobrara County, USA) - psittaciform? non-avian?
†Polarornis (Late Cretaceous or Eocene) - gaviiform or pygostylian, may be synonym of Neogaeornis
†Yandangornis (Late Cretaceous) - basal avian? non-avian dinosaur?
†Guildavis (Cretaceous of Wallace County, USA) - neornithine or basal ornithurine
†Parascaniornis (Cretaceous of Ivö, Sweden) - neornithine (phoenicopteriform), hesperornithiform?
†"Cathayornis" aberransis
†"Cathayornis" caudatus
†Cunampaia (Oligocene of Argenitina) - gruiform? non-avian (crocodylomorph)?
†Dalingheornis - enantiornithine?
†Gobipipus
†"Ichthyornis" maltshevskyi
†Chaoyangidae - pygostylian, yanornithiform?
- Chaoyangia (Jiufotang Early Cretaceous of Liaoning, China)
Zhyraornithidae - enantiornithiform, ornithurine?
- Zhyraornis (Late Cretaceous)

Model of the small bird Liaoningornis longidigitus, inhabitant of the Early Cretaceous conifer and ginkgo forests of today's China.

[edit] †Liaoningornithiformes

Liaoningornithidae - pygostylian? ornithurine?
- Liaoningornis (Yixian Early Cretaceous of Liaoning, China)

[edit] †Eurolimnornithiformes

Eurolimnornithidae - basal ornithurine, neognathe or non-avian?
- Eurolimnornis (Early Cretaceous)

[edit] †Palaeocursornithiformes

Palaeocursornithidae - basal ornithurine, paleognathe or non-avian?
- Palaeocursornis (Early Cretaceous)

[edit] Ichnotaxa

Footprints

†Trisauropodiscus (Early Jurassic? of Stormberg, South Africa)

Avian?

†Archaeornithipus (Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous of Soria, Spain)

No hallux; Avian?

†Aquatilavipes (Early Cretaceous of Canada, E Asia ?and South Dakota, USA -? Anacleto Late Cretaceous of Sierra Barrosa, Argentina)

5-6 x 4-5 cm (h/v). Toes long, narrow, small webs; no or very small hallux; T2-T4 100-140°; toe pads; step 20 cm. Avian: Patagopteryx? shorebird?

†Fuscinapedis (Woodbine Early Cretaceous of Denton County, Texas)

35 x 35 cm (h/v). Toes long, wide; no hallux; T2-T4 110°; toe pads; step 208cm. Avian: giant flightless bird?

†Goseongornipes (Jindong Early? Cretaceous of Goseong County, South Korea)

4-4.5 x 3-3.5 cm (h/v w/o hallux). Toes long, thin, T3-T4 small webs, T2 shorter; hallux backwards and high; T1-T4 220°; T2-T4 140-150°. Avian: shorebird - Geongsangornipes is lapsus

†Ichnogen. indet. (Jindong Early? Cretaceous of Goseong County, South Korea)

2.3 x 3.5 cm (h/v). Toes narrow, unwebbed, T2+T4 shorter; no hallux; T2-T4 75-80°. Avian? perching bird?

†Jindongornipes (Jindong Early? Cretaceous of Goseong County, South Korea)

6.5-7.5 x 5-6 cm (h/v w/o hallux). Toes long, thin, unwebbed, T2 shorter; hallux backwards, high; T1-T4 225°; T2-T4 95-160°; toe pads. Avian: shorebird

†Koreanaornis (Early Cretaceous of Korea)

2.5-3.5 x 2.5-3 cm (h/v w/o hallux). Toes long, thin, unwebbed; hallux backwards, high, very small; T1-T4 180; T2-T4 90-135°; toe pads. Avian: shorebird

†Magnoavipes (Early/Middle Cretaceous of Texas, ?and Israel -? Late Cretaceous of Korea)

25 x 20 cm (h/v). Toes long, very thin; no hallux; T2-T4 109-118°; step 200-217cm. Avian?

†Pullornipes (Early Cretaceous of China)

3.3-5.1 x 3.3-4.7 cm (h/v w/o hallux). Toes long, narrow, unwebbed; hallux small, high, backwards and inwards; T1-T4 270-320°, T2-T4 88-141°; step c.15 cm. Avian: shorebird?

†Shandongornipes (Tianjialou Early Cretaceous of Junan County, China)

6 x 9 cm (h/v). Toes long, thin, unwebbed; hallux backwards, some zygodactyl; T1-T4 220°; T2-T4 135°; toe pads. Avian: cursorial bird

†Uhangrichnus (Early - Uhrangi Late Cretaceous of SW Korea)

c.4 x 3.7 cm (h/v). Toes long, narrow, fully webbed; no hallux; T2-4 c.100°. Avian: waterbird

†Barrosopus (Anacleto Late Cretaceous of Sierra Barrosa, Argentina)

3.5 x 3 cm (h/v). Toes narrow, unwebbed, T2 separated (higher); no hallux; T2-T4 100-120°; step 20 cm. Avian?

†Sarjeantopodus (Lance Late Cretaceous of Niobrara County, USA)

Hallux present; web impressions present; Avian: shorebird

†Saurexallopus (Late Cretaceous of Wyoming)

30 x 25-30 cm (h/v). Toes long, thin; hallux sideways; T1-T4 130°; T2-T4 90°; deep heel; toe pads. Avian?

†Yacoraitichnus (Late Cretaceous of Quebrada del Tapón, Argentina) - Yacoriteichnus is lapsus

No hallux. Avian: enantiornithine? neornithine (galliform)?

†"Patagonichnornis" (Cretaceous of Ingeniero Jacobacci, Argentina) - nomen nudum

Avian: shorebird?

†Iranipeda (Paleocene of Iran) - may be same as Gruipeda
†Presbyorniformipes (Green River Early Eocene of Utah, USA)

Web impressions present; Avian: presbyornithine?

†Charadriipeda (Late Eocene of Trans-Pecos Texas, USA)

Web impressions present; Avian: anseriform?

†Ornithoformipes (Puget Late Eocene of Kummer, USA) - may be from Gastornis
†Reyesichnus (Middle Miocene of Salar del Hombre Muerto, Argentina)