Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal

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Friedrich Karl Joseph Reichsfreiherr von Erthal, painting by Georg Anton Abraham Urlaub, 1786

Friedrich Karl Joseph Reichsfreiherr von Erthal (1719-01-03 - 1802-07-25) was electoral prince and archbishop of Mainz from 1774-07-18 to 1802-07-04, shortly before the end of the archbishopric in the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss.^[1]

Erthal was born in Lohr am Main, Bavaria.

His younger brother, Franz Ludwig von Erthal, was the prince-bishop of Würzburg and Bamberg.

[edit] Election

Erthal's predecessor, archbishop Emmerich Joseph von Breidbach-Bürresheim, had introduced some ideas of the Enlightenment, and had been a popular figure. After his death, the Domkapitel was split in two factions, one representing the openness to reform of the Enlightenment, the larger one advocating immediate restauration. Directly after the death of archbishop Emmerich Joseph von Breidbach-Bürresheim, Friedrich von Erthal, then Domkustos, was charged with reducing the influence of the Enlightenment in the schools and monasteries of the archbishopric. After his election on 1774-07-18 and his election as Bishop of Worms, he assigned many opponents of the Enlightenment to important positions.

Both the papal nuncio and the emperor Joseph II had expected Erhal's election to improve relationships with the Archbishopric. However, Erthal, in his position as Archchancellor wanted to have an important role in the politics of the Holy Roman Empire himself, opposing the dynastical tendencies of the Emperor. In 1785, he even joined a Prussian-led mostly Protestant coalition of princes.

[edit] Relationship to the Enlightenment

Erthal did not pursue his opposition to the enlightenment for very long, reinstating the modern government of his predecessor in 1777. After 1781, Erthal's politics were dominated by the Enlightenment. The universities of Mainz and Erfurt were reformed according to new ideas, and a hymnal in German language was published. He became one of the most notable supporters of free-thought in theology and of Febronianism in the government of the Church. Georg Forster, a Protestant, became his librarian and William Heinse, another Protestant, and author of the lascivious romance "Ardinghello", was his official reader. Erthal suppressed the Carthusian monastery and two nunneries at Mainz and used their revenues to meet the expenses of the university, in which he appointed numerous Protestants and free-thinkers as professors. Notorious unbelievers such as Anthony Blau and others were invited to the university in 1784 to supplant the Jesuits in the faculty of theology.

[edit] Theological position

As a spiritual ruler, Erthal was guided by the principles of Febronianism. In union with the Archbishops Max Franz of Cologne, Clemens Wenzeslaus of Trier, and Hieronymus Joseph of Salzburg he convoked the Congress of Ems at which twenty-three antipapal articles, known as the "Punctuation of Ems", were drawn up and signed by the plenipotentiaries of the four archbishops on 25 August, 1786. The purpose of the Punctuation was to lower the papal dignity to a merely honorary primacy and to make the pope a primus inter pares, with practically no authority over the territories of the archbishops. In order to increase his political influence he joined (25 October, 1785) the Confederation of Princes which was established by King Frederick the Great. In 1787 he apparently receded from the schismatic position of the Punctuation of Ems and applied to Rome for a renewal of his quinquennial faculties and for the approbation of his new coadjutor, Karl Theodor von Dalberg. Somewhat later, however, he resumed his opposition to papal authority and continued to adhere to the Punctuation even after the other archbishops had rejected it.

[edit] End of the archbishopric

His opposition was made futile by the revolutionary wars: The troops of General Custine occupied Mainz on October 21, 1792; Mainz capitulated without a fight. Erthal fled to Aschaffenburg for the time of the republican government in Mainz.

By the treaty of Campo Formio in 1797 Erthal was deprived of his possessions west of the Rhine and by the Concordat of 1801 he lost also spiritual jurisdiction over that part of his diocese. The negotiations concerning the reimbursement of Erthal for the loss of his territory west of the Rhine were not yet completed when he died, and was succeeded by Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg.

[edit] References

This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913.

This article incorporates text translated from the corresponding German Wikipedia article as of 20 May 2006.